基于核磁共振的低渗油藏高压注水排驱特征及作用机理

doi:10.7657/XJPG20260411

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示低渗油藏高压注水排驱规律及其主控因素，以典型低渗油藏岩心为对象，基于T₂谱与T₁-T₂二维核磁共振技术开展不同注入参数与驱替方式下的室内模拟实验，定量评价不同尺度孔隙中原油动用特征及残余油赋存规律，同时，通过二维核磁共振分析，进一步揭示不同孔径油水分布与驱替过程中的演化规律。结果表明：提高注入压力与注入速度可显著提升原油采出程度，最大增幅分别达到14.38%和8.05%，主要得益于大孔原油动用效果的增强；渗吸后实施高压注水，可进一步动用大孔中的残余油，采出程度增幅为10.94%；注入压力与注入速度是低渗油藏注水开发提高采出程度的核心参数，建议高压注水与大排量注入相结合，并实施焖井渗吸+高压注水的协同开发，以有效降低残余油饱和度，提高原油采出程度。该研究成果可为低渗油藏注水开发方案优化提供理论支撑。

关键词: 低渗油藏, 高压注水, 渗吸作用, 排驱参数, 核磁共振, 采出程度

Abstract:

Understanding the displacement characteristics and mechanisms of high-pressure waterflooding is critical to improving oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted on core samples from typical low-permeability reservoirs. The experiments were performed using T₂ spectra and T₁-T₂ two-dimensional NMR techniques under different injection parameters and displacement modes, in order to quantitatively evaluate the mobilization of crude oil and occurrence of residual oil in pores of various scales. Moreover, two-dimensional NMR analysis was performed to further reveal the oil-water distribution across pore sizes and its evolution during displacement. The results demonstrate that oil recovery has been improved significantly-by up to 14.38% and 8.05%, respectively-under elevated injection pressure and rate, primarily due to enhanced mobilization of oil in macropores. An additional recovery of 10.94% was achieved when high-pressure waterflooding was applied after imbibition, further mobilizing residual oil in macropores. These results identify injection pressure and rate as the dominant parameters governing the recovery enhancement by waterflooding in low-permeability reservoirs. It is recommended to combine high-pressure waterflooding with high-rate water injection, along with the coupling of soak imbibition and high-pressure waterflooding. This treatment is expected to effectively reduce residual oil saturation and improve oil recovery. The study provides theoretical support to the optimization of waterflooding process in low-permeability reservoirs.

Key words: low-permeability reservoir, high-pressure waterflooding, imbibition, displacement parameter, NMR, oil recovery

中图分类号:

TE344

武继强, 黄世军, 张爽, 王阳. 基于核磁共振的低渗油藏高压注水排驱特征及作用机理[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2026, 47(4): 472-480.

WU Jiqiang, HUANG Shijun, ZHANG Shuang, WANG Yang. NMR-Based Insights into Displacement Characteristics and Mechanisms of High-Pressure Waterflooding in Low-Permeability Reservoirs[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2026, 47(4): 472-480.

图/表 13

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

参考文献 32

[1]	段文标, 张永强, 高春宁, 等. 安塞油田长6段特低渗油藏水驱特征[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2025, 46(3):353-359.
	DUAN Wenbiao, ZHANG Yongqiang, GAO Chunning, et al. Waterflooding characteristics of extra-low permeability reservoirs in Chang 6 member,Ansai oilfield[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2025, 46(3):353-359.
[2]	赵一凝, 孙宇翔, 韩兴源, 等. 特低渗透油藏开发方式优选室内实验[J]. 非常规油气, 2025, 12(2):97-104.
	ZHAO Yining, SUN Yuxiang, HAN Xingyuan, et al. Development method optimization based experiment of ultra-low permeability reservoirs[J]. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2025, 12(2):97-104.
[3]	石立华, 师调调, 廖志昊, 等. 低渗致密砂岩油藏水驱储层变化规律[J]. 特种油气藏, 2024, 31(3):106-115. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6535.2024.03.014
	SHI Lihua, SHI Tiaotiao, LIAO Zhihao, et al. The variation law of water flooding reservoir in low permeability tight sandstone reservoirs[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2024, 31(3):106-115.
[4]	陈洪才, 李哲, 金忠康, 等. 苏北盆地石港特低渗储层微观特征及提高采收率对策研究[J]. 石油实验地质, 2024, 46(3):638-646.
	CHEN Hongcai, LI Zhe, JIN Zhongkang, et al. Microscopic characteristics of ultra-low permeability reservoirs in the Shigang oilfield of the Subei Basin and strategies for enhancing oil recovery[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2024, 46(3):638-646.
[5]	崔永正, 周文胜, 姜瑞忠. 复杂诱导裂缝网络注水直井试井模型及压力动态分析[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2025, 49(3):97-104.
	CUI Yongzheng, ZHOU Wensheng, JIANG Ruizhong. Well testing model and pressure transient behavior analysis of water injection vertical wells with complex induced-fracture networks[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2025, 49(3):97-104.
[6]	王香增, 党海龙, 高涛. 延长油田特低渗油藏适度温和注水方法与应用[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2018, 45(6):1026-1034. doi: 10.11698/PED.2018.06.10
	WANG Xiangzeng, DANG Hailong, GAO Tao. Method of moderate water injection and its application in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs of Yanchang oilfield,NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2018, 45(6):1026-1034.
[7]	魏登峰, 石立华, 唐后军, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田注水开发模式矿场实践[J]. 非常规油气, 2025, 12(1):49-60.
	WEI Dengfeng, SHI Lihua, TANG Houjun, et al. Field practice of water injection development model in Yanchang oilfield,Ordos Basin[J]. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2025, 12(1):49-60.
[8]	郭建春, 马莅, 卢聪. 中国致密油藏压裂驱油技术进展及发展方向[J]. 石油学报, 2022, 43(12):1788-1797. doi: 10.7623/syxb202212009
	GUO Jianchun, MA Li, LU Cong. Progress and development directions of fracturing flooding technology for tight reservoirs in China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2022, 43(12):1788-1797. doi: 10.7623/syxb202212009
[9]	周立国. 低渗砂岩油藏优势注采方向量化表征技术及应用[J]. 特种油气藏, 2021, 28(6):98-104. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6535.2021.06.013
	ZHOU Liguo. Quantitative characterization technology and application of dominant injection-production direction in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2021, 28(6):98-104.
[10]	朱争, 贾自力, 刘滨, 等. 考虑启动压力梯度与裂缝时变性的特低渗油藏数值模拟[J]. 中国海上油气, 2021, 33(4):78-84.
	ZHU Zheng, JIA Zili, LIU Bin, et al. Numerical simulation of ultra-low permeability reservoir considering start-up pressure gradient and fracture time variation[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2021, 33(4):78-84.
[11]	曹广胜, 谭畅, 宋福昌, 等. 低渗透油田强化注水压力界限研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2012, 12(13):3107-3110.
	CAO Guangsheng, TAN Chang, SONG Fuchang, et al. Pressure limit of enhanced water injection in low permeability oilfield[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2012, 12(13):3107-3110.
[12]	鲁明晶, 徐豪爽, 杨峰, 等. 低渗油藏储层物性及敏感性对高速注水效果的影响[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2023, 23(31):13340-13349.
	LU Mingjing, XU Haoshuang, YANG Feng, et al. Influence of reservoir physical properties and sensitivity on high-speed water flooding effect in low permeability reservoir[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(31):13340-13349.
[13]	KONG Debin, PENG Yingfeng, ZHOU Zhenyu, et al. Pore-scale mechanism of coupled pressure-driven flow and spontaneous imbibition in porous media during high-pressure water injection processes[J]. Capillarity, 2024, 13(2):29-36. doi: 10.46690/capi
[14]	LI Xizhe, YANG Zhengming, LI Shujun, et al. Reservoir characteristics and effective development technology in typical low-permeability to ultralow-permeability reservoirs of China National Petroleum Corporation[J]. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 2021, 39(5):1713-1726.
[15]	郭建春, 卢聪, 马莅. 胜利油田低渗透油藏压驱工程方案优化及矿场应用[J]. 大庆石油地质与开发, 2024, 43(4):204-214.
	GUO Jianchun, LU Cong, MA Li. Engineering scheme optimization and field application of fracturing-flooding for low-permeability reservoirs in Shengli oilfield[J]. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2024, 43(4):204-214.
[16]	曹小朋, 刘海成, 任允鹏, 等. 胜利油田低渗透油藏开发技术进展及展望[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2024, 31(5):48-55.
	CAO Xiaopeng, LIU Haicheng, REN Yunpeng, et al. Progress and prospects of development technologies for low-permeability oil reservoirs in Shengli oilfield[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2024, 31(5):48-55.
[17]	CUI Chuanzhi, WANG Junkang, QIAN Yin, et al. Fracturing-flooding for low-permeability oil reservoirs:A coupled model integrating DDM and black-oil model[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2025, 58(3):4069-4089. doi: 10.1007/s00603-024-04344-0
[18]	刘义坤, 王凤娇, 汪玉梅, 等. 中低渗透储集层压驱提高采收率机理[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2022, 49(4):752-759. doi: 10.11698/PED.20210815
	LIU Yikun, WANG Fengjiao, WANG Yumei, et al. The mechanism of hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement to enhance oil recovery in low and medium permeability reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2022, 49(4):752-759.
[19]	ZHU Weiyao, GAO Yubao, WANG Youqi, et al. The injection capacity evaluation of high-pressure water injection in low permeability reservoir:Numerical and case study[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2024, 12:1411451. doi: 10.3389/feart.2024.1411451
[20]	陈辉. 特低渗透砂岩油藏自发渗吸-水驱原油动用规律研究[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2025, 32(2):94-103.
	CHEN Hui. Investigation on law of oil production by spontaneous imbibition and water flooding in ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2025, 32(2):94-103.
[21]	GAO Hui, WANG Chen, CHENG Zhilin, et al. Effect of pressure pulse stimulation on imbibition displacement within a tight sandstone reservoir with local variations in porosity[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2023, 226:211811. doi: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211811
[22]	慕倩, 李高仁, 张文静, 等. 基于核磁共振测井的致密砂岩储集层有效性评价[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2025, 46(1):121-126.
	MU Qian, LI Gaoren, ZHANG Wenjing, et al. Effectiveness evaluation of tight sandstone reservoirs based on NMR logging[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2025, 46(1):121-126.
[23]	马晓丽, 毕永斌, 蒋明洁, 等. 中低渗油藏高倍数水驱过程中水相渗透率变化特征[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2025, 15(1):103-109.
	MA Xiaoli, BI Yongbin, JIANG Mingjie, et al. Characteristics of water phase permeability variation in medium-low permeability oil reservoirs during high multiple waterflooding[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2025, 15(1):103-109.
[24]	杜猛, 杨正明, 吕伟峰, 等. 基质裂缝耦合下的致密油/页岩油动态渗流实验[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2024, 51(2):356-366. doi: 10.11698/PED.2023453
	DU Meng, YANG Zhengming, LYU Weifeng, et al. Experiment of dynamic seepage of tight/shale oil under matrix fracture coupling[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2024, 51(2):356-366.
[25]	GAO Hui, LUO Kaiqing, WANG Chen, et al. Impact of dissolution and precipitation on pore structure in CO₂ sequestration within tight sandstone reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Science, 2025, 22(2):868-883. doi: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.012
[26]	CHEN Meng, DAI Jiacai, LIU Xiangjun, et al. Effect of displacement rates on fluid distributions and dynamics during water flooding in tight oil sandstone cores from nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2020, 184:106588. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106588
[27]	石玉江, 蔡文渊, 刘国强, 等. 页岩油储层孔隙流体的全直径岩心二维核磁共振图谱特征及评价方法[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2023, 28(3):132-144. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.011
	SHI Yujiang, CAI Wenyuan, LIU Guoqiang, et al. Full diameter core 2D NMR characteristics of pore fluid in shale oil reservoir and evaluation method[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2023, 28(3):132-144. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2023.03.011
[28]	肖文联, 杨玉斌, 黄矗, 等. 基于核磁共振技术的页岩油润湿性及其对原油动用特征的影响[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2023, 30(1):112-121.
	XIAO Wenlian, YANG Yubin, HUANG Chu, et al. Rock wettability and its influence on crude oil producing characteristics based on NMR technology[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2023, 30(1):112-121.
[29]	ZHANG Hongrui, LI Jinbu, JIA Wanglu, et al. Quantification of free and adsorbed fluid content in shale oil reservoirs:Insights from preserved cores and different methods[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2025, 177:107400. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2025.107400
[30]	王刚, 陈雪畅, 陈昊, 等. 煤裂隙粗糙度和开度对注水渗流影响的实验研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探, 2025, 53(1):92-101.
	WANG Gang, CHEN Xuechang, CHEN Hao, et al. Impacts of coal fracture roughness and aperture on the seepage of injected water: An experimental study[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration, 2025, 53(1):92-101.
[31]	孙永鹏, 陈超, 戴彩丽, 等. 特低渗油藏活性流体压驱提高采收率机制[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(6):141-148.
	SUN Yongpeng, CHEN Chao, DAI Caili, et al. Enhanced oil recovery mechanisms of active fluid high-pressure flooding in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2024, 48(6):141-148.
[32]	赵明伟, 戴彩丽, 刘棚, 等. 压驱一体化双子表面活性剂滑溜水特性及高效渗吸排驱机制[J]. 石油学报, 2024, 45(9):1409-1421. doi: 10.7623/syxb202409008
	ZHAO Mingwei, DAI Caili, LIU Peng, et al. Characteristics and efficient imbibition-oil displacement mechanism of gemini surfactant slickwater for integrated fracturing flooding technology[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(9):1409-1421. doi: 10.7623/syxb202409008

实验编号	平均孔隙度/ %	平均渗透率/ mD	注入压力/ MPa	注入速度/ （mL·min^-1）	驱替方法
第1组	13.24	0.337 3	5		水驱
第2组	13.19	0.342 9	15		水驱
第3组	13.28	0.461 9	20		水驱
第4组	13.16	0.471 1	25		水驱
第5组	13.40	0.529 4		0.05	水驱
第6组	13.27	0.519 2		0.10	水驱
第7组	13.46	0.625 1		0.15	水驱
第8组	13.27	0.640 7		0.20	水驱
第9组	13.35	0.542 8	25		渗吸+水驱