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01 June 2002, Volume 23 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Volcanic Activity versus Formation and Distribution of Oil and Gas Fields GUO Zhan-qian 2002, 23 (3):  183-185.  Abstract ( 336 )   PDF (1250KB) ( 462 )   Save Volcanic activities are of important effects on the key factors for forming a hydrocarbon field such as hydrocarbon generation, migration, reservoir, trap, accumulation and preservation. Volcanic rocks shaped by a volcanic movement tend to occur vugs and fissures as spaces for hydrocarbon storage during rapid magma condensation; the volcanic debris deposits are characterized by expanding and dispersing in water, being either favorable to packing pores, and becoming good sealing caps, or to preservation of oil/gas fields by resisting destruction from new tectonic movements. In addition, volcanic activity can offer magma up to 1 020~1 200 9C and bring about thermal energy carried by hydrothermal fluid in temperature of 300 ~400 C, they have provided thermodynamic conditions for the hydrocarbon migration and accelerated such a migration. Volcanic activity also brings in both volcanic rock body and intrusive mass to a depositional basin and a nonstructural trap-volcanic lithologic trap to a petroliferous basin. All that shows volcanic activity is so closely related to the above six key factors that has formed a complete petroleum system, which have been reflected or supported from Jiyang depression and Huanghua depression in Bohai Bay basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Crude Oil Group A nalysis of Western Taibei Sag and Classification of Its Petroleum Accumulation Stages in Turpan-Hami Basin YUAN Ming-sheng, LI Hua-ming, WANG Zhi-yong 2002, 23 (3):  186-188.  Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (610KB) ( 458 )   Save As a target area of increasing reserves and production since “the ninth five-year plan”, in Taibei sag of Turpan-Hami basin operated by Turpan-Hami Oilfield Company,eight hydrocarbon bearing structural zones have been found one after another. This study analyzed the differences of Jurassic source rocks in west-eastern Taibei sag,and classified its crude oil group into three formations corresponding respectively to Type “A” crude originated from limnic shale in Qiketai formation, Type “C” crude from coal seam in Shuixigou group and Type B” crude (compound hydrocarbon) from Shuixigou coal measures as source rock. These types of hydrocarbons are of their different accumulation stages due to the differences in source rock maturity and in enormous generating/ expelling hydrocarbon stage. For Shuixigou group coal measure as source rocks, its hydrocarbon accumulation stage is mostly in late Yanshan tectonic movement, while for Qiketai formation as source rocks the stage mainly in Himalayan movement period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

New Understandings About Geological Structures and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode in Turpan-Hami Basin ZHANG Ming-shan, ZHANG Jin-xue, YU Yong-jun, DAI Yu, LI Ming-jie 2002, 23 (3):  189-192.  Abstract ( 133 )   PDF (1234KB) ( 588 )   Save Taibei sag in Turpan-Hami basin is characterized by distinctive structural style and geologic structure based on data from geologic outcrop, seismic profile and drilling-log integrated with thrust plate theoretical analysis. It is suggested that from north to south Taibei sag is divided into wedge-shaped mountain belt, piedmont fault-bench belt, thrust fold belt, sag slope belt and central uplift belt which are distinguished from originally classified north piedmont belt and Shanshan arcuate belt. According to this new understanding,the thrust fold belt and central uplift belt can be subdivided into two branches in east and west trends, with well overlapping in north and south trends, showing stress framework squeezed by thrust orogenic zone and affected by tilting basinal basement fault block since Cenozoic era in Turpan-Hami basin. The burial history and hydrocarbon-generating history of Taibei sag show that two rapid subsiding periods take place,i.e., Middle-Late Jurassic and Miocene-Quaternary. In such a long period of Miocene-Quaternary period lasted long and added the burial depth of source rocks,hence, it was favorable to enormous generation and accumulation of hydrocarbon, and forming configuration with structures in most areas of thrust fold belt. The analysis indicates that sand bodies in lower locations near source sag and shove fault of two rows of piedmont fold belts are more favorable to accumulations of late hydrocarbon reservoirs; while the footwalls of fault-bench belt and central uplift belt are also as targets for exploration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Geological Conditions for Forming Deep-Basin Gas Accumulation in Taibei Sag, Turpan-Hami Basin ZUO Sheng-jie, PANG Xiong-qi, JIN Zhi-jun, YUAN Ming-sheng 2002, 23 (3):  193-196.  Abstract ( 132 )   PDF (847KB) ( 619 )   Save As a kind of abnormal gas accumulation, deep-basin gas is trapped with particular geological conditions and has particular trapping mechanism and distribution pattern. The tectonic framework with the characteristics of continuous deposition provides favorable structural condition for deep-basin gas accumulation in Taibei sag. The natural gas generated during the first stage for the Middle- Lower Jurassic coal-measure source rock which still generating gas currently is the main source for deep-basin gas accumulation. The sandstone of Middle- Lower Jurassic is low-porosity and low-permeability. The porosity and permeability of Xishanyao formation and the deeper reservoirs are usually less than 10% and 4×10-3μm2,respectively. The assemblage of 3 sets of regional cap rocks and some local cap rocks forms tight top-covering and bottom-covering. The most favorable region for deep-basin gas exploration in Taibei sag is located in Xiaocaohu sub-depression. The characteristics of source-accumulation being a unity, abnormally low pressure, gas bearing in large area, uncontrolled by a tectonic isobath, gas-water inversion indicate the existence of deep-basin gas accumulation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Structural Styles and Trap Development Characteristics in Liaohe Basin HU W ang-shui, WEI Yong-jun, ZHANG Zi-qi 2002, 23 (3):  197-200.  Abstract ( 170 )   PDF (808KB) ( 577 )   Save The structural styles in Liaohe basin are classified into basement-involved structures and caprock de- tached structures. The former are subdivided into six types including stepped expanding structure, extensional normal fault structural combination, drape structure, transfer zones, wrench structure and positive inversion structure. The latter are subdivided into two types, i.e., detached normal fault structure, diapir structure. There were multi-stage tectonics in this area, thus some structures are superimposed. The characteristics of trap developments vary from one style to another. Based on the structural styles and trap characteristics, the traps in Liaohe basin are classified into structural trap and non-structural trap. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy in Biyang Fault Depression of Nanxiang Basin HU Shou-quan, GUO Wen-ping 2002, 23 (3):  201-204.  Abstract ( 129 )   PDF (1488KB) ( 484 )   Save According to recognition marker of terrigenous sequence on seismic profiles and well logs,using the . methods of sedimentary cyclic analysis and Fischer diagram, the upper member of Eh3 of Shuanghe-Zhao'ao are in Biyang fault-depression can be classified into three terrigenous sequences. In Shuanghe-Zhao'ao area there lies fluvial fan-fan delta-lacustrine depositional system in sequence. In the three terrigenous sequences thirteen parasequence sets which include four basic ty pes, i.e., lowstand aggradation, regression, highstand aggradation and progradation have been developed, of which there are approxmately 40 recognizable parasequences. And the characteristics of sedimentary facies (microfacies) have been further expounded in this paper. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Control on the Remaining Oil Distribution by Reservoir Sedimentary Microfacies—an example from Shuanghe Oilfield SUN Yi-mei, CHEN Cheng 2002, 23 (3):  205-207.  Abstract ( 120 )   PDF (1201KB) ( 401 )   Save In order to meet the imperative need of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” project in Shuanghe oilfield, this paper studies the geometrical scale,plane distribution, petrophysical characteristic of the sedimentary microfacies and their controls on the distribution of remaining oil. There are mainly distributary channel, river mouth bar, front sheet sand, gravity flow sand and overbank sand in the fan delta front of Shuanghe oilfield. Each of them holds its own features of geometrical scale, plane distribution and petrophysics. These features control injection and liquid producing capacities of the pay zones, plane oil-water movement and well-pattern controlled degree; furthermore, they also control the remaining oil distribution. The remaining oil divided into the lace-like and the lens-like occurs richly in the microfacies sand bodies with poor petrophysical property and small scales during the late period of development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Structures in East Part of Southern Margin in Junggar Basin and Their Formation Mechanism WU Jian-hua, XIANG Shu-zheng, WU Xiao-zhi, CHEN Wei, WU Jian 2002, 23 (3):  208-210.  Abstract ( 175 )   PDF (905KB) ( 806 )   Save The structural model and structural formation mechanism of Karaza-Gumudi complex structures in southern margin of Junggar basin are analyzed by applying folded theory related to foreland basin. Karaza-Gumudi area is subjected to the effects of asymmetric north Tianshan Mountain, Bogda and Aika shove fault systems, being dominated by shear and compresso-shear actions. Karaza anticline belongs to dual structure with shallow reversed thrust; Gumudi anticline to dual structure with basement-involved style. Qigu-Changji anticline belt in west of piedmont thrust zone and Gumudi-Fukang anticline belt in east of it were resulted from adjustment and transform of Karaza reversed fault. Asymmetric Changji syncline was formed by asymmetric action in Bogda shove fault, forming the largest and deepest subsiding center followed by a typical complex petroleum system. Karaza anticline and Gumudi anticline as two types of structural styles are major targets for hydrocarbon prospecting in the near future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Selection of Logging Tools in the Cretaceous Low Resestivity Reservoir of Junggar Basin KUANG Li-chun, MA0Zhi-qiang, SUN Zhong-chun, ZHU Xiao-dong 2002, 23 (3):  211-213.  Abstract ( 136 )   PDF (921KB) ( 445 )   Save The Cretaceous low resistivity reservoir in Junggar basin is characterized by high porosity, high permeability, low salinity of formation water, low formation pressure and low resistivity. Based upon the analysis of log curves and the simulated log responses of formation, it was demonstrated that the filtrate invasion to Cretaceous low resistivity reservoir mainly occurred during the very beginning of the penetration of the permeable formation. Logging immediately made after drilling has not much improvement to the identification of pay zone. It was verified that induction logging is superior to lateral logging by comparing those two measurements in various wells. Three kinds of logging suites are successfully carried into execution in the exploration and development of the Cretaceous low resestivity reservoir in Junggar basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Static Correction Methods for Seismic Data Processing in Complex Geomorphic Areas ZHENG Hong-ming, LOU Bing, JIANG Zai-chao 2002, 23 (3):  214-216.  Abstract ( 167 )   PDF (535KB) ( 486 )   Save Static correction is an important link for seismic data processing. To make existed static correction tends to affecting stacking result of common depth point (CDP) and reality of structural feature on seismic profile, for low-amplitude structure, in particular, it is very easy to delete or counterfeit it due to the static corrections. In order to properly deal with the issue affecting seismic data quality in seismic data processing and in complex surface area, this study presents various methods for such static corrections, including advantages and shortcomings, prerequisites or conditions to use. In addition,examples are taken for how to apply these static correction methods so as to better solve the problems occurred in static corrections. References | Related Articles | Metrics

An Analysis of the Application of Material Balance Method to Calculating Reserves as Pressure Drop for Abnormal High Pressure Gas Reservoirs LI Shi-lun, SUN Lei, TANG Yong, SU Chang, SUN Yu, GUO Ping 2002, 23 (3):  219-223.  Abstract ( 114 )   PDF (910KB) ( 518 )   Save The reservoir pressure of abnormal high pressure gas reservoir is higher than the corresponding hydro- static pressure, which results in the complicated exploitative process and much high cost. In order to develop abnormal high pressure gas reservoirs and analyze their production performance effectively,integrative analysis is made to some recent dynamic analysis methods in this paper.All of the methods are based on material balance equation and listed there, including Hammerlindll Single-point Adjustment Method, and Becerra-Arteaga's Pressure Curve Method. In the end, two typical abnormal high pressure gas reservoirs in America (Osscem and Anderson L) are taken for instance to analyze the effects of such methods. This can be used for reference to the development of domestic abnormal high pressure gas reservoirs in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

To Predict Oil Production and Recoverable Reserves of China and USA YU Qi-tai 2002, 23 (3):  224-227.  Abstract ( 126 )   PDF (736KB) ( 349 )   Save By using growth curves of 3W, 3Y1, b(t) factor mould and bttc factor mould, oil production, recoverable reserves and remaining recoverable reserves of China and USA were calculated and predicted. The comparison shows that the calculated oil production vs cumulative oil production using four growth curves with the actual data is fairly well-matched. The calculated results by using four growth curves for USA are more identical. The analysis shows that the growth curve of bttc factor mould is slightly better other three growth curves. The calculated oil peak production of USA using the growth curve of bttc factor mould occurred in 1975 with oil peak production of 5.0077×108t/a; the actual oil peak production occurred in 1970, with oil peak production of 5.3088×108t/a. We can find out that both calculated and actual results are relatively identical, showing that oil production of USA was sustained decline; while the calculated oil peak production of China occurred in 2002, with oil peak production of 1.6265×108t/a; the actual oil peak production occurred in 1998,with oil peak production of 1.6052×108t/a. We can find out that both calculated and actual results are also about the same, showing that in about 2000 the oil production of China turns from increase or steady to decline. The calculation shows that oil recoverable reserves of China is 79×108t,remaining oil recoverable reserves of USA is 312×108t, remaining oil recoverable reserves of USA in 1999 is 52×108t. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Numerical Simulation of Well-Pattern Optimization in Low Permeability Fractured Reservoir--An example of Liangjing oilfield ZHOU Zhi-jun, SONG Hong-cai, MENG Ling-bo, YU Xue-hui, YU Xiao-yu 2002, 23 (3):  228-230.  Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (857KB) ( 287 )   Save The development of low permeability reservoir is closely related to fractures. Suitable arrangement of well patterns is the key of successful development of low permeability reservoir. This study presents a numerical simulation method to optimize the arrangements of well patterns like rhomb well pattern and rectangular well pattern and well-row spacing for Rang-l1 pilot area in Liangjing fractured extra low permeability reservoir of Jilin oilfield, determining suitable well patterns for it. This study is of instructive significance for development of the extra low permeabilty reservoir in China using proper well patterns. References | Related Articles | Metrics

A Multi-Factor Stochastic Model for Prediction of Oilfield Development Indexes SUN Ji-wei, TANG Lei, LIAN Jun-li, ZHAO Yu-xin, PANG Chang-ying 2002, 23 (3):  231-232.  Abstract ( 154 )   PDF (280KB) ( 290 )   Save Based on reservoir engineering theory and basic oil field production decline pattern, this study presents a multi-factor stochastic model that takes all influential factors into account of development indexes. Using this model can overcome such pitfalls as singular calculation parameters and insensible to indexes alteration in previous prediction. It's proved that the model has been well applied into practice and can really reflect the status of oil field development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Physical Chemistry Explanation of the Capillary Condensation and the Circuit of Adsorption-Desorption WANG Zheng-de, ZHANG Mao-lin, MEI Hai-yan, SUN Liang-tian, LI Shi-lun, WU Qing-song 2002, 23 (3):  233-235.  Abstract ( 508 )   PDF (886KB) ( 2244 )   Save The desorption lag phenomenon is often appeared when measuring the adsorption isotherm of the porous media, that is the desorption isotherm is higher than the adsorption isotherm at the same pressure, shaping the circuit of adsorption and desorption. The Kelvin equation to be used for describing the relationship between a small drop and a plane of liquid is derived from the basic metastabel state theory of physical chemistry. The capillary condensation phenomenon, the adsorption-desorption circuit, and the capillary pressure effect on the phase equilibrium of the oil-gas system are well explained by using the Kelvin equation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Theoretical Study of Production Indicative Curves from Gas Reservoir LI Chuan-liang 2002, 23 (3):  236-238.  Abstract ( 166 )   PDF (983KB) ( 300 )   Save Theoretical study and discussion are made for production indicative curves from various gas reservoirs. The conclusion shows that pp-Gp indicative curve of constant-volume gas reservoir is a straight line,F-Gp curve of confined gas reservoir is a straight line, and H-Gp curve of water drive gas reservoir is also a straight line. Hence, applying these straight-line production indicative curves or extended lines of initial straight-line parts,dynamic original gas in-place of gas reservoirs will be determined. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Applying Instantaneous Water Cut-Recovery Percent Ratio to Evaluate Efficiency of Oilfield Development by Water Flooding WANG Guo-xian, XIE Jian-yong, FAN Jie, LIU Yan-hong, LIU Bao-zhen, NAN Hui, WU Cheng-mei, LIANG Cheng-gang 2002, 23 (3):  239-241.  Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (708KB) ( 427 )   Save This paper presents a new method for evaluation of oilfield development effectiveness by waterflooding, that is directly using the ratio of instantaneous composite water cut vs corresponding recovery percent to do it. This method is simple and plenty of data are available. The estimated parameters are of distinctive resolution for different types of reservoirs; for the same reservoir, the parameters are either characterized by changing with time, or by coherence and evident varied patterns. In particular, during mid-late period of oilfield development, these parameters tend towards being constant, which provide real evaluation of waterflooding efficiency; in late period of field exploitation, the method can be used for better evaluation of ultimate efficiency of an oilfield by waterflooding process. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of Seismic Wave Resistance Inversion in Sequence Stratigraphy Research—An example of Junggar basin LI Li-cheng, WU Jian, ZHANG Sai, ZHUANG Xi-jin, ZOU Yu-ping, WANG Wen-zhi 2002, 23 (3):  242-244.  Abstract ( 134 )   PDF (933KB) ( 412 )   Save Jurassic seismic profile in Junggar basin was interpreted in lithology, stratigraphic framework and sedimentary environment on wave resistance inversion profile by applying ISIS wave resistance inversion processing integrated with litho-wave resistance template, drilling interval and seismic sequence, establishing proper technical methods, obtaining better results. This study provides new technical know-how and understandings for analyses of the region- al sequential strata and sedimentary facies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of Stratimagic Software in Seimic Exploration of Junggar Basin ZHUANG Xi-jin, JIN Jun, ZHI Dong-ming 2002, 23 (3):  245-247.  Abstract ( 151 )   PDF (1068KB) ( 345 )   Save Seismic data is very important in different stages of the whole process of petroleum exploration and exploitation. In the process of 3D seismic exploration in Junggar basin, this study, based on the conventional seismic data and by the aids of advanced software,carried out litho-traps recognition,reservoir seismic facies classification,inter- stratum wave shape analysis, abnormal attributes recognition,and arrangement and the adjustment of exploitation well patterns, etc. All of these efforts allow the cycles of interpretation to be reduced greatly, hence providing for interpreters the abilities to get geological information from 3D seismic data,and effctively improve the exploration and exploitation . process of target field or block. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Inorganic Origin Theory of Petroleum and Its Implications for Petroleum Exploration Strategy of the 21st Century in China ZHANG Jing-lian, FENG You-kui, LI Xiang-bo 2002, 23 (3):  248-251.  Abstract ( 161 )   PDF (193KB) ( 480 )   Save Chinese petroleum geologists face to a big and inevitable issue on the depletion of petroleum in the 21st century, which could not be solved by organic origin theory. But the inorganic origin theory can guide the future petroleum exploration. Following the basic discussion of inorganic origin theory, petroleum exploration targets of China, particularly the exploration of carbonate rock, salt and reef etc., are presented. It is believed from China's petroleum exploration strategy that in North China, Hailaer basin, Kailu basin, Erlian basin related to central Mongolia block are the best prospecting targets; Junggar basin and Turpan-Hami basin, which belong to Junggar block, have the brighter prospects in the deeper areas. In South China, Chuxiong and Luliang areas of Kangdian block, Jinqu basin in Zhejiang province and Hengyang basin in Hunan province are the best petroleum accumulation zones. The oceanic petroleum re- sources in Nansha Islands, gas hydrate in South China Sea are also discussed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Using VSP Data for Calibration of Horizons LIU Zhi-fan 2002, 23 (3):  252-253.  Abstract ( 177 )   PDF (119KB) ( 510 )   Save VSP data can act as medium of synthesizing drilling data and seismic profile. Composite seismogram can only be used as reference. Hence, to understand the record mode, datum-level selection, weathering and sub-weathering correction method and data processing of VSP data and seismic profile are prerequisites for well utilizing VSP data and horizon calibrations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

An Approach for Determination of Commercial Oil-G as Flow Standard GAO Cheng-quan 2002, 23 (3):  254-256.  Abstract ( 154 )   PDF (525KB) ( 325 )   Save This study discussed in detail the differences between commercial oil-gas flow standard and industrial oil-gas flow standard based on market economic principle and in view of practice for petroleum exploration and development, proposed basic idea for determination of commercial oil-gas flow standard, and establish chart of commercial oil- gas flow standard for an integrated oilfield and reservoir with “three lows” vs crude marketing price and reservoir-buried depth as well as its binary functional equation, by means of “reverse-derived method” for tech-economic assessment of reserves. It means that introduction of commercial oil-gas flow standard into early reservoir evaluation can replace original industrial oil-gas flow standard that could not reflect crude marketing status,thus converting industrial value of oil wells defined by static standard into commercial value of oil wells by dynamic standard. The commercial oil-gas flow standard is allowed to continuously change with crude marketing price, burial depth, reserve scale and operating management of field. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Methods of Geochronology of Petroleum Accumulation ZHAO Jing-zhou, LI Xiu-rong 2002, 23 (3):  257-261.  Abstract ( 188 )   PDF (226KB) ( 508 )   Save Geochronology of petroleum accumulation is a frontier field in modern petroleum geology, which mainly deals with the accumulation timing and filling history of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Several methods and technologies such as reservoir geochemistry, fluid inclusion analyzing, isotopic dating, organic lithology, dew-point/saturated pressure analyzing,and oil/gas-water contact retrospecting have been developed to determine the accumulation timing and hydro- carbon filling history. Although these methods have been used successfully in some simple basins,most of them have their own deficiency to some extent. In this paper, these methods are reviewed and their problems and applications dis- cussed. It is concluded that a synthetic study using multiple methods is usually necessary when accumulation timing and hydrocarbon filling history in basins with complicated history of orogeny, petroleum generation, migration and accumulation are analyzed. Methods like fluid inclusion analyzing and authigenic illite's K-Ar dating,though having great potential in geochronologic determination of petroleum reservoirs, still need to be improved and combined with other methods to deal with the accumulation timing and hydrocarbon filling history in a complex basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Status and Issues of Technologies for Development of Condensate Gas Pools GUO Ping, LI Shi-lun, DU Zhi-min, SUN Lei, SUN Liang-tian, LI Min 2002, 23 (3):  262-264.  Abstract ( 214 )   PDF (154KB) ( 1199 )   Save Study the related technologies for development of condensate gas field is of significance with more and more condensate gas fields being discovered nowadays. In this paper, some matured technologies and their shortcomings used in condensate gas field development are outlined, the technical developing trends are presented on the whole, and issues to be studied are proposed. It is considered that the major topics or problems that should be paid attention to are about deep condensate gas phase state, percolation of abnormal high pressure condensate gas pool, and comprehensive technologies for development of deep condensate gas pool. References | Related Articles | Metrics

On Petroleum Origin Ю. Р. Каграманов, А. Г. Егикян 2002, 23 (3):  265-269.  Abstract ( 173 )   PDF (343KB) ( 561 )   Save A new space hypothesis of petroleum origin is offered in the article on the basis of the analysis of present hypotheses of petroleum origin, nature of distribution of bitumens and oils in Earth crust, history of a climate of the Earth and astrophysical data about widespread occurrence of hydrocarbons in the Universe, one of the possible scenarious of repeated hydrocarbons entry to the Earth is indicated. The tentative estimations of the dropped out petroleum quantity are agreed with the present geological data Related Articles | Metrics