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01 August 2002, Volume 23 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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On Prospective Hydrocarbon Resources of China in 21st Century ZHAI Guang-ming 2002, 23 (4):  271-278.  Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (1258KB) ( 419 )   Save For there exist a lot of Mesozoic and Cenozoic depositional basins of different types, China's Mainland should be very rich in oil and gas resources. The basins are all subjected to multistage tectonic movements and different types of basins' superimpositions, so they have the long-term, complexity and great difficulty for petroleum exploration. In terms of the most conservative estimation, its remained oil recoverable reserves could have been recovered till the year of 2063, while its natural gas till the 22nd century. At present, most domestic basins are generally in early-middle stage for petroleum exploration. Foreland basin, palaeouplift and its surrounding strati-lithology reservoirs, marine facies reservoirs of Palaeozoic and shallow secondary reservoir in area of Bohai Bay basin and etc. will be its major petroleum prospecting domains. New- and high-tech application tends to be of revolutionary significance in light of their effects on petroleum industry development. As long as insisting to sustain exploration, China's petroleum industry is undoubted to achieve continuous development. Hence, the five recommendations are proposed by the author of carrying out as early as possible a new round assessment for petroleum resources, intensifying comprehensive study, solving some critical issues in technique and technology, applying comprehensive exploratory technologies and adopting view points of risk-exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

On Seperation of North China Craton and Gas Bearing of Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin AN Zuo-xiang, MA Ji 2002, 23 (4):  279-282.  Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (1269KB) ( 273 )   Save The term of North China Craton was firstly proposed by Mr. ZHAO Chong-yuan, which refers to that craton is separated as several blocks like Arashan, Ordos, Shanxi, Hehuai, Jiaoliao and those of northern Inner Mongolia by joint process of structural compressional pressure from west toward east and structural extension force from east following the Indo-Chinese epoch, Yanshan epoch and Himalayan epoch. The Upper Paleozoic in Ordos basin is a horizon given with coal-formed gas. Based on analyses of hydrocarbon source rock, petroleum migration, accumulation and trapping conditions, it is believed that there exist six gas bearing zones, including Wuda-Yinchuan, Hangjinqi, Dongsheng-Jingbian,Shenmu-Suide, Mizhi-Yan'an and Tianhuan depressions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Relationship between Hydrocarbon Migration-Accumulation and Unconformity at Cretaceous Bottom of Luliang Up-lift in Junggar Basin CHEN Zhong-hong, ZHA Ming, WU Kong-you, ZHANG Nian-fu, ZHANG Yue-qian 2002, 23 (4):  283-285.  Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (998KB) ( 207 )   Save According to origin mechanism and seismic reflectance on unconformity at Cretaceous bottom, unconformity in the studied area is divided into four types, each of which has different effects on the hydro- carbon migration and accumulation.Above and below the unconformity, there exist five types of lithology combinations: TypeⅠincludes glutenite above it, mudstone and sandstone below it; Type Ⅱ sandstone above it, mudstone and sandstone below it; Type Ⅲ glutenite above it, mudstone and glutenite below it; Type IV sand- stone above it, mudstone and glutenitebelow it; Type V grit above it, mudstone, sandstone and glutenitebelow it.Among them, Type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ are the most favorable to oil and gas migration and accumulation in this area, for this unconformity and fault composed of channels of good conductivity, the leached zone below it acts as a better passage for petroleum migration, oil and gas can be migrated laterally and effectively by the weathered argillic horizon as a barrier above it.While the basal conglomerate and overburden thick sandstones cut by normal faults formed in late period of Himalayan movement have enabled oil and gas to migrate upward rapidly.The hydrocarbon reservoirs at Cretaceous bottom unconformity could be shaped by three styles of barriers such as argillic horizon barrier, leached zone half-weathered mudstone barrier and thin layer barrier. References | Related Articles | Metrics

On Jurassic Sequential Framework of Chepaizi Area in Junggar Basin LI Tian-ming, ZHI Dong-ming, JIN Jun 2002, 23 (4):  286-289.  Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (1971KB) ( 199 )   Save Based on the previous study results of whole and local sequences in Junggar basin, this paper mainly characterizes Jurassic stratigraphic framework in northwestern Junggar basin, establishes the sequential framework in Chepaizi area, and firstly describes the boundary characteristic of Jurassic sequence and system domain in it, classifies its favorable depositional facies. These offer thoughts and approaches for exploration of Jurassic subtle trap and hydrocarbon reservoirs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Carbonate Reservoir Space Prediction and Its Quality Evaluation in Central Area of Tarim Basin WU Chang-wu, XIONG Qi-hua, WANG Zhi-zhang 2002, 23 (4):  290-292.  Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (652KB) ( 207 )   Save Because of the strong heterogeneities of carbonate reservoir, the research about it has become a worldwide hard task for a long time. Recently, with the technical development in seismic acquisition and seismic attribute, it is possible to research carbonate reservoir with seismic attribute. Taking Well Block Tazhong-6 as an sample, the author quantitatively predict the fractures and “Visual reservoir space”distribution in this area, with new theory of Visual reservoir space and “reservoir petrophysical facies”, using new method of fuzzy neural comprehensive estimation. Finally, the most favorable reservoir and fracture-developed areas are pointed out, with the quantitative determination of “Visual reservoir space” of carbonate reservoir and the evaluation of its quality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Impact of Inhomogeneous Salt-Bearing Basement Deformation on Caprock Structures WANG Zi-yu 2002, 23 (4):  293-294.  Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (800KB) ( 157 )   Save According to the analogy theory, different materials are selected for physical modeling of impact of inhomogeneous salt-bearing basement deformation on caprock structures under bilateral compressions. The experiment shows that ①structural styles in overburden fine-sand caprock are different under bilateral compression settings and impact of different characteristic basements made by rigid foam and Vaseline; ②the overburden structural styles were asymmetric although the bilateral basement structures of the model are basically symmetric; ③collapse structures occurred in salt-apex overburden sand layers during late period of deformation; ④the final experimental result indicates that the whole antiformal overburden structures are shaped by the combination of two separate substructures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Quantitative Study on Abnormal Pore Fluid Pressure in Undercompacted Mudstone FU Guang, LU Yan-fang, YANG Mian 2002, 23 (4):  295-298.  Abstract ( 103 )   PDF (1162KB) ( 274 )   Save Based on the analysis of the condition and mechanism for forming abnormal pore fluid pressure in undercompacted mudstone, two methods for calculating current abnormal pore fluid pressure and for buildup of the ancient abnormal pore fluid pressure of undercompacted mudstone by acoustic transit time are developed in this paper. Also, an approach for determination of the formation period and end period of abnormal pore fluid pressure is presented, which applied results in Qingshankou mudstone of northern part of Songliao basin show that it is practical for systematic study of abnormal pore fluid pressure in under compacted mud- stone. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Nappe Structural Characteristics in Southern Margin of Jiuquan Basin and Its Orientation for Hydrocarbon Prospecting LI Xiang-bo, GUO Yan-ru, WANG Xin-min, DING Zhao-hai, WAN Yan-rong 2002, 23 (4):  299-301.  Abstract ( 119 )   PDF (809KB) ( 233 )   Save The nappe structure in southern margin of Jiuquan basin is a key area that needs to break- through for further petroleum exploration in Yumen oilfield. This paper outlined the status of overthrust nappe structure for petroleum exploration and prevalent issues at home and abroad, presented special property of nappe structure in southern margin of Jiuquan basin and its oil and gas pool distributive patterns, and made suggestions for its further exploratory orientations and seismic fractural interpretation methods: ① to explore the nappe structure in frontal zone of western Jiuquan basin while exploring the inner and below it, that is, to find structure-complicated oil pool in Qingxi sag, dominated by Cretaceous-sourced reservoir while considering possibility of Carboniferous-Permian as source rocks; ② in source sag of eastern Jiuquan basin, exploration of self-source and self-reservoir oil and gas pool should be paid attention to; ③ to gain rational and proper structural interpretation by using various techniques such as remote sensing, field geology, regional geology, structural model developed with geophysical data, geology-seismic model developed with drilling and seismic data and equilibrium profile inversion as well as seismic forward modeling and etc. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dynamic System of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Baijiahai-Wucaiwan Area in Eastern Junggar Basin HU Ping, SHI Xin-pu, XIE Hong-wei 2002, 23 (4):  302-305.  Abstract ( 117 )   PDF (1163KB) ( 293 )   Save Baijiahai-Wucaiwan area in eastern Junggar basin is characterized by multi-source and multi- stage hydrocarbon accumulations. This paper analyzes the essential conditions for forming dynamic system of hydrocarbon accumulation in this studied area in terms of the geologic structural setting. Through comprehensive analyses of geothermal field, pressure field, fluid potential and fluid chemical property, it discusses the relations among these factors and generation and expulsion of hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation as well as time-space geologic process for reestablishing hydrocarbon accumulation. Based on study of the static and dynamic factors, a program for classification of the fluid dynamic system of hydrocarbon accumulation in Baijiahai-Wucaiwan area is proposed, that is, the system can be divided into an allogenic open system in Baijiahai salient and a self-source and semi-enclosed system in Wucaiwan sag,Such a classification offers new thoughts for further exploration in this area. In Baijiahai salient it is dominated by searching for multi-orientation oil/gas-filled or secondary reservoirs, while in Wucaiwan sag by finding self-source and self-reserved pools. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Oil and Water Distribution of Carboniferous Reservoir in Tahe Oilfield ZHANG Xue-qing, DONG Jun, DAI Jian-quan 2002, 23 (4):  306-308.  Abstract ( 96 )   PDF (1173KB) ( 231 )   Save Starting with single well log data analysis, the oil and water distribution as well as spatial distributing rule in Carboniferous reservoir are studied. From the view point of systematic combination, it is pro- posed that the Carboniferous reservoir consists of about 3 and 5 oil-water distributing systems, each of which is divided into impermeable caprock and oil-water combination system. The trap type of Carboniferous is considered to be a low-amplitude anticlinal structure overlying the upper part of Ordovician. According to these researches and corresponding sedimentary facies characteristics, A model of Carboniferous oil-water distributionis proposed in this paper. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Theoretical Approach and Its Application of Continuity Attribute Analysis LI Yan, XIONG Qiao-rong, WANG An-sheng, REN Jun-min, XU Huai-bao 2002, 23 (4):  309-310.  Abstract ( 87 )   PDF (729KB) ( 210 )   Save With the deepening of petroleum exploration practice in Junggar basin, its comprehensive seis- mic research is undergoing toward detailed interpretation of complex structures and quantitative studies of reservoir. In recent years, geophysicists have developed many assistant software for comprehensive interpretation using seismic data, with few experiences and high accuracy and efficiency. It is indicated using these software have both high utilization factor of seismic data and potential for applied geophysical prospecting technologies to further petroleum exploration. This paper performed test and study of principle of continuity attribute analytical technology and related key parameters, and attained applicable experiences and interpretation achievements in many well blocks. It is of positive actions to in-depth scientific research and effective oil production. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Petrophysical Facies and Its Well Logging Evaluation of Lower Sha-2 Reservoir in ShangHe Oilfield ZHAO Yan-chao, LI Li, WANG Xi-ming, XIONG Min 2002, 23 (4):  311-313.  Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (1091KB) ( 194 )   Save By applying integrative approach of indicator flow zone (12) with principal component discriminating analysis, the core data from Lower Sha-2 reservoir in District Shang-1, ShangHe oilfield are elaborated in sedimentology and diagenesis, and based on which four types of the petrophysical facies are classified. Al- so, its petrophysical properties of this horizon are predicted using artificial neural network model (BP)， its IFZ is calculated and distribution and controlling factors of the petrophysical facies are discussed. Study shows that using well log data for appraisal of petrophysical facies is one of an important tool to evaluate reservoir quality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

A New Method for Predicting Laws of Water Cut Raising in Sandstone Reservoir by Waterflooding Process YU Qi-tai 2002, 23 (4):  314-316.  Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (1664KB) ( 241 )   Save The Y1 water drive curve, which is a generalized water drive curve, can reflect different laws of water cut raising by its slope b. In terms of varying oil viscosity μ0 in different formations obtained from domestic oilfields, it can be divided into low viscosity (μ0< 3 mPa·s), medium viscosity (3 mPa·s<μ0< 30 mPa·s) and high viscosity (μ0> 30 mPa·s). According to data of 34 oilfields with low viscosity, 35 oilfields with medium viscosity and 19 oilfields with high viscosity, calculation of b for these fields are made by using Y1 water drive curve. After constructing the contact of b and permeability K, it is found that these fields can be divided into three types in terms of low permeability (K< 100×10-3 μm2),medium permeability (100×10-3 μm2<K< 600×10-3 μm2) and high permeability (K> 600×10-3 μum2). According to b, K and μ0 from these 88 oilfields, binary regression method is applied to obtain regression equations for calculating b,which can be used to predict the relationship of water cut Vs recovery of recoverable reserves for development evaluation and design of the new oilfields. An example shows that the results calculated by using these equations have a certain accuracy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Discussion of Nonlinear Flow Theory for Low Permeability Reservoir FU Chun-hua, GE Jia-li 2002, 23 (4):  317-320.  Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (933KB) ( 207 )   Save This paper developed a nonlinear flow numerical model with starting pressure gradient of de- formation medium zone, in light of such properties of Tuoshi low permeability reservoir as developed natural fractures, non-constant payzone permeability occurred during oilfield development, in-situ fluid flow that is not in accordance with Darcy's Law,and starting from deformation medium percolation theory. Also, it presented equations for well output and pressure under the condition of stable nonlinear flow for deformation medium, and made comparisons of well output under the conditions of Darcy's flow for elastic medium and deformation medium, as well as non-Darcy's flow for elastic medium and nonlinear flow of deformation medium. Study showed that well output for deformation medium nonlinear flow is the lowest at the same producing pressure differential. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Theoretical Study on Well Test Analysis of Low Velocity Nonlinear Flow SHANG Jian-lin, YANG Xue-wen, GUO Jian-guo, JIA Yong-lu 2002, 23 (4):  321-325.  Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (1742KB) ( 273 )   Save There exist non Darcy's flow and starting pressure in a low permeability reservoir according to analyses of experiments and effect of low velocity non Darcy's flow. This paper proposed mathematic model for well test analysis of perfectly describing non Darcy's flow with starting pressure gradient and its solution, and offered type curve of non Darcy's flow under inner and outer boundaries. The type curve is not only helpful to well test interpretation, but also can be used as a powerful tool to correctly understand and study special law of low permeability reservoirs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Phase Equilibrium of a Volatile Oil System Considering the Capillary Pressure ZHANG Mao-lin, MEI Hai-yan, SUN Liang-tian, LI Shi-lun, WU Qing-song 2002, 23 (4):  326-328.  Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (500KB) ( 261 )   Save In order to really reflect the characteristics of phase behavior and percolation of a volatile of oil system in reservoir porous media, the effect of the interfacial phenomena on the phase equilibrium rule and the percolation rule should be taken into account in the porous media for a volatile oil system. As a result, the production performance of a volatile oil reservoir can be recognized well and then can be exploited effectively. The capillary pressure, the bubble point pressure, the liquid content and the relative volume of the constant compositional expansion are calculated for a practical volatile oil-gas system by using the software of phase behavior. The conclusion of the great effect of capillary pressure on this system is drawn in this paper. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Technologies for Stable Production and EOR—an example from Sangonghe reservoir of Cainan oilfield LI Xing-xun, LUO Jia-qiang, ZHANG Wu, YANG Jun-tao, Barati·Kurban 2002, 23 (4):  329-332.  Abstract ( 88 )   PDF (193KB) ( 226 )   Save This paper reviewed how to re-understand in-situ oil and water flowing regularities during reservoir development based on the geologic features in Sangonghe reservoir of Cainan oilfield, and how to comprehensively apply several technologies such as natural water drive, plugging the edge and bottom water, proper infill drilling, CDG gel injection, etc., for making the period of stabilized production prolonged over 10 years at oil recovery rate of 3.5%,that is one more times than original project terms, with average raising water cut to be controlled by less than 1 .4%, and final enhanced oil recovery to be increased from 35% to over 60%. All these can not only be able to increase the recoverable reserves, but also obtain remarkable economic benefits. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Laws of Oilfield Production Decline and Determination of Rational Cutoff Reserve-Production Ratio LI Yan-hua, WANG Jun-kui 2002, 23 (4):  333-335.  Abstract ( 123 )   PDF (665KB) ( 234 )   Save Based on the production decline patterns from Daqing placanticline oilfields, it is indicated that by the end of stable production period of an oilfield, its production decline will take place in terms of hyperbolic style with n=0.5. This paper derived theoretical equations for calculating reserve production ratio and verified the rational ratio suitable for an oilfield. The proposed rational ratio should be remained to be e- qual to and greater than 9. If the ratio is lower than 9, much more rapid production decline will appear for such an oilfield. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of the Choke-Pressure Differential Approach in Steam-Flow Metering CHEN Ru-he, SHI Zhen-li, HUANG Qing-ming, HU Xin-ping, DU Chang-chun 2002, 23 (4):  336-337.  Abstract ( 108 )   PDF (137KB) ( 167 )   Save This paper presents the principle and basic equations for orifice metering, as well as convertible characteristic of steam and water phases by steam stimulation process. The corrected coefficient K is introduced and calculated in the manner of single steam generator to single well, by which the steam flow rates in different chokes, temperatures, pressures and pressure differentials are gained using choke-pressure differential equation. The errors in field application is less than 10% that could meet the real requirement of heavy oil production. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of Fluid Inclusion Enclave to Study of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Stages of Tazhong 40 Oil-Field YANG Wei, YANG Shuan-rong, LI Xin-sheng, LI Yu-ping, ZHANG Li-juan, GAO Zhe-rong 2002, 23 (4):  338-339.  Abstract ( 77 )   PDF (412KB) ( 212 )   Save Tazhong 40 oilfield is a small field recently proved in Tarim basin. Its reservoir is Donghe sandstone of Carboniferous. A lot of fluid inclusion enclaves were formed during its hydrocarbon accumulation with uniform temperature of the enclaves being divided into two intervals ranging from 88.6~100.73 C to 122.1~144.7 C. They reflect different time and depths or represent two different stages of hydrocarbon accumulations. According to the reservoir buried history, thermal alternation history and hydrocarbon source rock evolution history, it is supposed that Jurassic is the first stage of hydrocarbon accumulation, but almost all of its oil pools had been destroyed due to tectonic movements occurred afterwards; Tertiary is the second stage of it and no destruction takes place. It is found from fluorescent thin section that existence of oil-asphalt among quartz secondary outgrowth rims and quartz grains could be formed during the first stage. The results of reservoir diagenesis research show that the time and depth for secondary hydrocarbon accumulation are consistent with the conclusion from fluid inclusion enclave. This explains that using the uniform temperature of fluid inclusion enclave to study stages of hydrocarbon accumulation into reservoirs is feasible, and the conclusion is right. References | Related Articles | Metrics

A Method of Using Core Sample to Measure Salinity of Formation Water ZHAO Fu-zhen, FAN Xiao-qin, TIAN Ying, WANG Liang 2002, 23 (4):  340-341.  Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (131KB) ( 268 )   Save The salinity of formation water used to be normally measured in laboratory with in-situ formation water sample. The acquired formation water sample only characterizes in-situ movable water rather than unmovable water, both of which there possibly exists distinct difference in salinity. Particularly, such a difference may appear much bigger than before following water flood development of an oilfield. At the result, the measured salinity from the water sample is hard to reflect the total salinity of formation water comprehensively and accurately, thus leading to detrimental effect of corresponding well log interpretation. This study presents a more accurate thought or method for determination of the salinity of formation water, and better results have been gained followed by application of it in Qiuling oilfield. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Mud-Logging Technical Difficulties and Countermeasures for Oil and Gas Exploration in Western Basins of China HUA Xue-li, YU Ming-fa 2002, 23 (4):  342-344.  Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (207KB) ( 198 )   Save Compared with eastern basins of China,Tarim basin has distinct features itself in petroleum geology which make its exploration and development more difficult. This article presents corresponding counter- measures in light of issues of mud-logging techniques for petroleum exploration of Tarim basin, including using quick -chromatograph, QFT, micro-fluorescence appraisal, and etc. o find hydrocarbon shows; using pyrolysis geochemistry and pyrolysis chromatographic techniques to perform source and reservoir evaluation while. drilling; and applying abnormal event forecast technique to provide realtime safety services and set up WTTS for realtime information communication, and etc. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Pattern and Tectonic Evolution of Jiaolai Basin LIAO Yuan-tao 2002, 23 (4):  345-347.  Abstract ( 144 )   PDF (1331KB) ( 436 )   Save Jiaolai basin is a dextral strike-slip pull-apart basin. Its west and east boundaries are delineated by NNE-trending Tanlu faulting and NE-trending Moping-Jimo faulting, both of which developed as Ysheared fractures; its south and north boundaries by NE-trending Wulian-Rongcheng faulting developed as R- sheared fracture, while NEE-EW trending faulting developed as R'-sheared fracture. Its subsidiary basin is of geometry characteristics similar to them. The tectonic evolution and petroleum geology are characterized by that ① Laiyang period is dextral pull-apart rifting stage mainly formed source rocks; ② Late Laiyang-Early Qing- shan period is pulse sinistral transform-compressional stage; ③ Qingshan period is post-rift stage. Structural crack is the main space of reservoir and percolation of oil and gas in Qingshan formation; ④ Late Qingshan-Early Wangshi period is pulse sinistral transform-compressional stage; ⑤ Wangshi period is dextral pull-apart rifting stage, an important hydrocarbon generation stage in Early Laiyang epoch; and (6) its Cenozoic is an up-lift and subduction stage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Advances of Coupled Dynamics Study of Faulting and Fluid Flow SUN Zi-ming, HE Fa-qi, LI En-zhong 2002, 23 (4):  348-350.  Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (373KB) ( 206 )   Save It is early paid attention to by geologists that geofluids flow along large fault from deep to shallow due to the close relationships of faulting structure to minerals, hydrocarbons and earthquake. With the in-depth researches, it is recognized that there exist spatio-temporal coupled relationships between faulting and fluid flow, which is the result of the interaction among fluid pressure (fluid potential)， ground stress and faulting activity. A series of coupled dynamic models on fault and fluid flow are developed that give us new thoughts for the study of the relationships between fault and hydrocarbon distribution， and have more importance to correctly understand multistage migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Ancient Structural Evolution of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Southeastern Part of Giant Syneclise of Caspian Seashore Basin (translated by REN YU) Л.П.Мстиславская 2002, 23 (4):  351-354.  Abstract ( 89 )   PDF (1176KB) ( 292 )   Save On the basis of analysis of deep well data and geologic framework, the structural evolution history of southeastern part of giant syneclise in Caspian Seashore basin was reinstated and the effect of palaeostructure on hydrocarbon bearing feature in subsalt zone was elaborated in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics