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    01 October 2022, Volume 43 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION
    Accumulation Conditions and Exploration Direction of Lower Jurassic Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs in Taibei Sag
    CHEN Xuan, WANG Jufeng, XIAO Dongsheng, LIU Juntian, GOU Hongguang, ZHANG Hua, LIN Lin, LI Hongwei
    2022, 43 (5):  505-512.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220501
    Abstract ( 340 )   HTML ( 29 )   PDF (3198KB) ( 196 )   Save

    The Turpan-Hami basin has great potential of oil and gas resources in the Lower Jurassic strata, with a large quantity of remaining resources. The discovered oil and gas reservoirs are mainly distributed in the positive structural belts around the Shengbei and Qiudong subsags in the Taibei sag, and they are primarily structural reservoirs. Less researches on the oil and gas resources in the hinterland of the subsags have been performed. Based on the dissection of known reservoirs, a systematic study was carried out on the depositional system, source rock, reservoir rock and accumulation conditions of three major hydrocarbon-rich subsags in the Taibei sag. The results show that the coal-measure source rocks are widely developed in the Shuixigou group in the Taibei sag and are in broad contact with the braided river delta sandstones, which is conducive to the formation of near-source tight sandstone gas reservoirs. There are two types of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the Lower Jurassic, namely, trap-type and continuous-type. The hinterlands of the subsags are favorable areas for the formation of continuous-type tight sandstone gas reservoirs. Therefore, the exploration should be switched from the source-edge positive structure to the hydrocarbon-rich subsag, and from the above-source conventional oil reservoirs to the in/near-source tight sandstone gas reservoirs. The hinterlands of the Shengbei and Qiudong subsags have the conditions to form large gas reservoirs, so they are favorable areas for exploring near-source tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the lower Jurassic.

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    Influences of Shale Rheology on Pore Structures of Qiongzhusi Formation in Chengkou Area, Northeastern Sichuan Basin
    YU Shuyan, WANG Yang, FENG Hongye, ZHU Hongjian
    2022, 43 (5):  513-518.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220502
    Abstract ( 301 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (14955KB) ( 209 )   Save

    In order to determine the influence of natural rheology of shale on microscopic pore structure, taking the marine shale of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi formation in the Chengkou area, northeastern Sichuan basin as an example, the types and characteristics of rheological structure and microscopic pore structure in the shale and their relationship were studied by using rock thin sections, focused ion beam scanning electron microscope and low temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiment. The microstructures of shale rheology mainly include porphyroclast system, cataclastic flow, pressolutional stylolites, microscopic fold, S-C fabric and crenulation cleavage, and the micro-nano structures include mylonite zone, micro-hybrid zone, and rotating porphyroclast. Rheological shale is dominated by nanoscale intergranular pores, and most of the primary pore structure is difficult to preserve under rheological action. Ductile rheology leads to a decrease in the number of pores, pore diameter, pore volume and pore specific surface area of shale, which reduces the storage performance of shale.

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    Characteristics and Quantitative Prediction of Structural Fractures in Lei4 Member Reservoir in Pengzhou Area, Western Sichuan Basin
    XIE Qiang, LI Gao, PENG Hongli, HE Long, GONG Hanbo
    2022, 43 (5):  519-525.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220503
    Abstract ( 243 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3677KB) ( 165 )   Save

    Structural fractures are found in the Lei4 member reservoir in Pengzhou area, western Sichuan basin. However, their distribution characteristics are unclear, which seriously affects the efficient development of natural gas in the Lei4 member. Through outcrop, core and rock thin section observations, the development characteristics of the structural fractures in the reservoir were described. The tectonic stress field during the Himalayan movement was simulated with the finite element method. Based on the rock failure criterion and elastic strain energy, the development of the structural fractures in the Lei4 member reservoir was predicted. The results show that the structural fractures in the Lei4 member reservoir are dominantly shear fractures with the extension ranging from 10 m to 70 m and the density of 5-10 fractures/m, mainly trending in NE-SW, NW-SE, nearly S-N and nearly E-W. Most of the fractures generated during the Himalayan movement are not filled. The minimum horizontal principal stress, maximum horizontal principal stress and differential stress of the Lei4 member during the Himalayan movement were 72.30-106.50 MPa, 126.00-183.47 MPa and 48.51-92.46 MPa, respectively. The predicted structural fracture density in the fault zone of the study area is far more than 15 fractures per meter, mainly 5-11 fractures/m in the Lei4 member. The fracture density in the high part of the anticline is lower than that in the two flanks, indicating that the distribution of fractures in the study area is controlled by both fault and structural position. The relative error between the predicted and measured structural fracture densities is 4.2%-10.7%, suggesting reliable predicted results, which provide a geological basis for the exploration and development of carbonate gas reservoirs in the Lei4 member in Pengzhou area.

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    Architecture and Prediction of Clastic Reservoirs in Offshore Oilfields With Sparse Well Pattern: A Case Study on L14 Oilfield in Lufeng Sag in Pearl River Mouth Basin
    DAI Jianwen, ZHANG Wei, WANG Hua, YANG Jiao, TU Yi, LI Qi
    2022, 43 (5):  526-536.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220504
    Abstract ( 249 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (4172KB) ( 124 )   Save

    Offshore oilfields are characterized by large well spacing, sparse well pattern, and strong reservoir heterogeneity. Taking the 5th member of Wenchang formation (Wen 5 member) of Paleogene in L14 oilfield, Lufeng sag, Pearl River Mouth basin, as an example, a method for characterizing the architectures of continental braided river delta reservoirs based on “hierarchy constraint, subdivided dissection, pattern fitting, logging-seismic cross-feedback and multidimensional coordination” was proposed. By using frequency-dividing RGB fusion technology, the architecture units of the reservoirs were characterized. On the basis of reservoir architecture division, high-quality reservoirs were predicted. The results show that the third-order architecture unit in the study area is composite distributary bar, and the fourth-order architecture unit is composed of distributary bar, distributary channel and braided channel. The fourth-order architecture unit is found with three vertical stacking styles and two lateral splicing styles. The rock mineral components and architecture units play a leading role on physical properties. In the Wen 5 member, Class Ⅰ reservoirs are dominant and mostly distributed in distributary bars; Class Ⅱ reservoirs are mainly distributed in the outer edge of Class Ⅰ reservoirs, with poor continuity; and Class Ⅲ reservoirs are often associated with Class II reservoirs, with the poorest continuity. From the center to the outer edge of the distributary bar, and then to the distributary channel and braided channel between the distributary bars, the reservoir quality gradually decreases.

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    Dissolution Stage and Pattern of Reservoirs in Maokou Formation in Yunjin Area, Southern Sichuan Basin
    HE Zhao, GAO Zhaolong, LI Guorong, HE Sai, MO Guochen, TIAN Jiaqi, LI Xiaoxiao
    2022, 43 (5):  537-545.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220505
    Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (8188KB) ( 73 )   Save

    In order to determine the genesis of the carbonate reservoirs in the Middle Permian Maokou formation in Yunjin area, southern Sichuan basin, the dissolution stage and mechanism were investigated through core and thin section observations, petrological analysis and isotopic geochemical analysis. There are three stages of dissolution in the reservoirs of the Maokou formation in the study area: (1) atmospheric water karstification in the supergene stage, with atmospheric precipitation as the karstification fluid and the fractures formed in the Dongwu movement period as the flow channels, which showed the transformation from fractures to dissolution fractures/vugs and karst cavities, mainly under the control of unconformity surface and paleomorphology; (2) hydrothermal dissolution in the early diagenetic stage, when the deep mantle-derived hydrothermal fluid in the post-magmatic stage related to the eruption of the Emeishan basalt moved up along the fault to the interior of the Maokou formation and reformed the formation, and saddle-shaped dolomite was developed; and (3) burial dissolution in the late diagenetic stage, when the dissolution fluid was mainly the mixed acid fluid composed of the fluid in Permian carbonate rock and the fluid in mudstone diagenetic transition, and the flow channels were mainly the fractures and stylolite formed in the Yanshan movement period, with dissolution fractures/vugs developed along fractures and stylolite. On the whole, the atmospheric water karstification in the supergene stage is the decisive diagenesis for the formation of the reservoirs in the study area, and the hydrothermal dissolution in the early diagenetic stage and the burial dissolution in the late diagenetic stage allowed the formation of a small amount of dissolution pores/vugs and dissolution fractures, which could improve the storage performance of the reservoirs.

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    Evaluation on Sensitivity Difference Between Chang 4+5 and Chang 6 Reservoirs in Mahuangshan Area of Jiyuan Oilfield
    SONG Yuchun, HUANG Hao, ZHOU Chuangfei, KE Xianqi, TANG Haodi, ZHU Yushuang
    2022, 43 (5):  546-553.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220506
    Abstract ( 237 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (13092KB) ( 71 )   Save

    In order to avoid sensitivity damage and improve oil recovery, the sensitivity difference between Chang 4+5 and Chang 6 reservoirs in Mahuangshan area of Jiyuan oilfield was studied. Based on the analysis of petrology, physical properties and pore-throat structures of the reservoirs in the study area, sensitivity experiments were carried out with cores, then the sensitivities of Chang 4+5 and Chang 6 reservoirs in the study area were evaluated, and the causes for the sensitivity differences between Chang 4+5 and Chang 6 reservoirs were analyzed. The results show that the Chang 4+5 and Chang 6 reservoirs are dominated by lithic feldspar sandstone, and have the average porosity of 10.6% and 9.4%, the average permeability of 0.65 mD and 0.25 mD, and the average surface porosity of 6.84% and 3.67%, respectively. The Chang 4+5 and Chang 6 reservoirs are generally characterized by weak velocity sensitivity, weak water sensitivity, weak slat sensitivity, strong acid sensitivity and strong alkali sensitivity. The Chang 4+5 reservoir exhibits stronger alkali sensitivity and water sensitivity than the Chang 6 reservoir, for its high content of feldspar and quartz and low content of kaolinite, while the Chang 6 reservoir has stronger salt sensitivity and acid sensitivity than the Chang 4+5 reservoir, for its high content of clay minerals. In the subsequent reservoir stimulation, the pH value of the injected fluid to formation should be strictly controlled.

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    Formation Mechanism and Geological Significance of Carbonate Cements in Baikouquan Formation on Northern Slope of Mahu Sag
    LYU Huanze, ZOU Niuniu, CAI Ningning, HUANG Yongzhi, NING Shitan, ZHU Biao
    2022, 43 (5):  554-562.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220507
    Abstract ( 271 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (2281KB) ( 215 )   Save

    In order to further investigate the diagenetic environment, formation mechanism of carbonate cements and its influences on the physical properties of the sandy conglomerate reservoirs in the Lower Triassic Baikouquan formation on the northern slope of the Mahu sag, Junggar basin, the types, forming periods, and genesis of the carbonate cements in the study area and their effects on the reservoirs were studied through combining core observation, rock thin section identification and measurement of carbon and oxygen isotopes in carbonate cements. The results show that there are three periods of carbonate cements in the Baikouquan formation on the northern slope of the Mahu sag, that is, from early to late, micritic calcite in Period Ⅰ, ferrocalcite in Period Ⅱ, and ankerite in Period Ⅲ. δ13CPDB ranges from -47.23‰ to 3.88‰, while δ18OPDB ranges from -23.64‰ to -17.98‰. The bigger range of δ13CPDB reveals the presence of various carbon sources and the complex interaction between water and rock. The paleosalinity and paleotemperature restored from the carbon and oxygen isotope calculations show that the carbonate cements were mainly formed in freshwater environments, and partly influenced by seawater. The Baikouquan formation in Well Ma-19 is a low-porosity and low-permeability reservoir as a whole. The physical properties of the Bai 2 member are slightly better than those of the Bai 3 member, presumably indicating the presence of secondary pores. Post-drilling analysis finds that oil layers are developed in both Bai 2 member and Bai 3 member, which is basically consistent with the conclusion obtained from carbon and oxygen isotope analysis.

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    Geochemical Characteristics and Paleoenvironment of Toutunhe Formation-Qingshuihe Formation in Qigu Fault-Fold Belt
    WANG Yaru, ZHANG Changmin, JI Dongsheng, ZHU Rui, FU Wenjun, WANG Zeyu, LIU Jiale
    2022, 43 (5):  563-571.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220508
    Abstract ( 261 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (994KB) ( 157 )   Save

    In order to determine the geochemical characteristics and paleoenvironment of the Toutunhe formation-Qingshuihe formation in the Qigu fault-fold belt of Junggar basin, the element analysis was carried out using the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Such elements as vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr) and gallium (Ga), which are sensitive to the depositional environment, were selected to systematically analyze the characteristics of paleo-oxidation-reduction conditions, paleosalinity, paleo-water depth, and paleoclimate in the study area. The results show that the Toutunhe formation-Qingshuihe formation in the study area was deposited in an oxidation environment, and occasionally in short-term weak oxidation-weak reduction environment. Sensitive elements (e.g. Ga and Sr) and Sr/Ba value indicate that the Toutunhe formation-Kalazha formation was dominantly deposited in a freshwater environment, and possibly a short-term brackish water environment locally, and the Qingshuihe formation exhibits relatively frequent paleosalinity fluctuation and was deposited in an alternating environment of saltwater and freshwater. According to the Co estimation, the water depth of the Toutunhe formation-Qingshuihe formation rangef from 2.05 to 74.20 m, and fluctuated greatly during the depositional period. The climate changed from warm and humid to arid and hot during the deposition of the Toutunhe formation-Kalazha formation, and shifted to warm and humid during the deposition of the Qingshuihe formation.

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    RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
    Characteristics and Connectivity of Fault-Controlled Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs: A Case Study of Unit T in Tuofutai Area, Tahe Oilfield
    LI Jun, TANG Bochao, HAN Dong, LU Haitao, GENG Chunying, HUANG Mina
    2022, 43 (5):  572-579.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220509
    Abstract ( 290 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (3554KB) ( 230 )   Save

    Fault-controlled fractured-vuggy reservoirs are extremely heterogeneous and exhibit the diversity and complexity in inter-well connectivity. Clarifying the influence of faults and karsts on reservoirs is conducive to reservoir connectivity analysis and injection-production strategy adjustment. Taking Unit T in the Tuofutai area of Tahe oilfield as an example, the development characteristics of reservoirs were systematically analyzed based on the results of seismic interpretation and the analysis of overlying water system and production performance responses. It was clarified that the reservoir development is mainly controlled by faults and surface water systems. The difference in karstification intensity leads to different characteristics of the reservoirs, which makes development wells show different production behaviors and inter-well connectivities. Based on the analysis of dynamic and static data, an inter-well connectivity model suitable for fault-controlled fractured-vuggy reservoirs was established, which can provide a basis for the adjustment of subsequent treatments.

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    Production Prediction of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs
    SONG Junqiang, LI Xiaoshan, WANG Shuo, GU Kaifang, PAN Hong, WANG Xin
    2022, 43 (5):  580-586.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220510
    Abstract ( 281 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (787KB) ( 177 )   Save

    Regarding complex flow regime and large error in lifecycle production prediction for fractured horizontal wells in tight oil reservoirs, the stretched exponential production decline (SEPD) model dominated by transient flow and transitional flow and the exponential model dominated by boundary-dominated flow (BDF) were selected and combined based on the research on the adaptability of empirical production decline model proposed in previous studies. Given equal production and equal decline rate at nodes, a new lifecycle segmented production prediction model with BDF time as node was constructed. Furthermore, the methods for predicting BDF time based on the generalized regression neural network algorithm and for determining the parameters of piecewise function by least square fitting were established. The results show that, whether the BDF is attained, the new model realizes a better fitting than the SEPD or exponential model, and its prediction results are closer to the exponential evaluation results in the late stage of production with an error of less than 5%.

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    Characteristics and Genesis Mechanism of Wellhead Pressure Fluctuation for Well Hutan-1
    WANG Quan, WANG Bin, YAN Liheng, WANG Yang, LUO Jianxin, DU Guo
    2022, 43 (5):  587-591.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220511
    Abstract ( 255 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (634KB) ( 169 )   Save

    Well Hutan-1 is the first ultra-deep and abnormally high-pressure gas well that revealed a significant discovery in gas exploration in the middle section of Junggar basin’s southern margin. However, during the production test, the wellhead pressure of this well fluctuated greatly, making it impossible to effectively determine reservoir parameters and reasonably evaluate productivity. Based on the principle of particle bridging and plugging, and by using the gas reservoir dynamic analysis method, the variation of cyclic plugging and unplugging of the particles in fractures was investigated, and a dual-medium flow model for Well Hutan-1 was established for analyzing the characteristics and genesis mechanism of wellhead pressure fluctuation in the well. The research shows that the cyclic plugging and unplugging of the particles in fractures is the main reason for the large pressure fluctuation. With the continuous migration of the particles and unplugging in fractures, the pressure fluctuation amplitude and the skin factor gradually decrease, and the gas productivity tends to be stable. During the cyclic plugging and unplugging of the particles in fractures, the greater the fracture aperture, the greater the pressure fluctuation amplitude. Given the same fracture aperture, the proximal fractures are plugged and unplugged, resulting in a great pressure fluctuation amplitude, while the opposite is true at the distal fractures. The research provides a basis for the study of reservoir characteristics, well deployment, and productivity evaluation in the middle section of the Junggar basin’s southern margin, and provides a reference for analyzing pressure fluctuation in the same type of ultra-deep and abnormally high-pressure gas wells.

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    Candidate Well Selection Criteria for Potential Tapping of Existing Wells in Gas Reservoirs of Penglaizhen Formation in Xinchang Gas Field, Western Sichuan Basin
    LU Yu, LI Zhongping, LI Huaji, LUO Changchuan, LUO Bin
    2022, 43 (5):  592-599.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220512
    Abstract ( 207 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3077KB) ( 156 )   Save

    The main gas reservoirs in the Xinchang gas field in western Sichuan basin have entered the middle to late stage of development, and potential tapping of the existing wells is an important means to maintain the effective development of the gas field. As high-quality reservoirs are further recovered, the original criteria of candidate well selection for tapping potential are no longer applicable to the current development situation; instead, it is urgent to establish new criteria for well/layer selection aiming at recovering the hard-to-produce reserves. The potential tapping effect of typical wells in the Penglaizhen formation of Xinchang gas field was evaluated, and the reservoir quality and reserves recovery of the target interval were analyzed. Combining with the single-well production performance, the candidate well selection criteria suitable for the current development characteristics of the study area were established. The results show that the potential tapping effect is affected by multiple factors such as well logging, seismic response and adjacent well producing, which should be comprehensively considered to reduce the failure risk in potential tapping. When candidate wells are selected in the same favorable zone or the same fracture strike, the lower limit of well spacing to a neighbouring well is 350 m, and the upper limit of cumulative gas production from a single layer of a neighbouring well with the well spacing of 350 m is 0.20×108 m3. Commingled production from multiple layers with secondary favorable microfacies is more applicable in the middle to late development stages, which is beneficial for the successful potential tapping.

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    Productivity Prediction in Different Stages of Collaborative Construction of Underground Gas Storage and Gas Flooding
    YIN Fuguo, CHENG Shiqing, HUANG Lan, ZHANG Jianye, FAN Jiawei, ZHANG Liang
    2022, 43 (5):  600-605.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220513
    Abstract ( 230 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (573KB) ( 102 )   Save

    In different stages of the collaborative construction of underground gas storage (UGS) and gas flooding, the produced gas-oil ratio (GOR) varies greatly, and the complex oil, gas and water three-phase flow occurs in several stages. Currently, the multiphase productivity of UGS is generally calculated by converting oil production to gas equivalent, which produces relatively large errors. On the basis of the three-phase flow differential equation, the three-phase pseudo pressures of oil, gas and water were introduced, and a three-phase flow productivity calculation method considering the influence of high-speed non-Darcy flow of gas was established. With the help of this method, the oil phase productivity equation, gas phase productivity equation, and inflow performance relationship (IPR) curve in gas flooding stage, collaborative construction stage, and UGS stage were obtained and then compared with production data. The results show that the productivity calculated by the three-phase flow productivity calculation method is less than 6.16% in each of the three stages. When the production pressure difference is small, the calculation results from the traditional conversion method and the three-phase flow productivity calculation method are close. However, with the progress of construction, the error of the traditional conversion method becomes larger. The three-phase flow productivity calculation method is simple, accurate, and operable. It is of guiding significance for predicting the productivities in different stages of collaborative construction of UGS and gas flooding.

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    Tri-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Well Test Analysis Model for Inclined Wells in Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs
    JIA Ran, NIE Renshi, LIU Yong, WANG Peijun, NIU Ge, LU Cong
    2022, 43 (5):  606-611.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220514
    Abstract ( 208 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (566KB) ( 170 )   Save

    In fractured-vuggy reservoirs, there is cross flow between the matrix, fractures and cavities, and the matrix and fractures supply fluid to the wellbore at the same time. Assuming that the reservoir is horizontal, equal in thickness, impermeable at top and bottom, and infinite laterally, a theoretical model of well test analysis for inclined wells was established. The analytical solution of the model in the Laplace space was obtained by means of Laplace transform and variable separation, and the solution of the bottom hole pressure was obtained through Stehfest inversion. Type curves controlled by model parameters for well test analysis were used for flow stage identification and curve sensitivity analysis were conducted. The tri-porosity and dual-permeability well test type curves of inclined wells reflect 8 main flow stages, including early radial flow stage, linear flow stage, cavity-to-fracture cross flow stage, cavity-to-matrix cross flow stage and the matrix-to-fracture stage, etc. The values of parameters such as inclination and fracture-reservoir permeability ratio obviously influence the characteristics of the well test type curves.

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    Reservoir Production Performance Optimization Algorithm Based on Numerical Simulation
    LEI Zexuan, XIN Xiankang, YU Gaoming, WANG Li
    2022, 43 (5):  612-616.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220515
    Abstract ( 268 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (509KB) ( 171 )   Save

    When the conventional optimization algorithms are applied to optimized development of large scale reservoirs, the problems such as slow convergence speed, low optimization efficiency and difficult integration with field applications occur. To solve these problems, a well production performance control model was established. A global optimal solution of the model was found by using the simulated annealing genetic (SAG) algorithm and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) algorithm. Furthermore, the convergence speed of the local solution of the model was accelerated by using the synchronous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm, and a well production performance control software was developed and applied to the H block in Daqing oilfield. Compared with conventional well production systems, the best scheme of the optimized well production performance control model increases the cumulative oil production of H block by 5.68×104 m3 within 5 years, which ensures the well production performance control and optimization, and provides a new method for efficient development of large-scale oilfields.

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    APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY
    VSP Reverse Time Migration Technology and Its Imaging Effect
    CHEN Keyang, YANG Wei, ZHAO Haibo, WANG Cheng, ZHU Lixu, LIU Jianying, LI Xingyuan
    2022, 43 (5):  617-623.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220516
    Abstract ( 286 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (3976KB) ( 183 )   Save

    In order to improve the precision of VSP seismic imaging, a VSP reverse time migration (RTM) operator with 16-order finite difference accuracy was constructed, and then the algorithm accuracy of VSP key links and the interchangeability of shot and receiver points were analyzed by using impulse responses to verify the accuracy of the 3D VSP RTM operator. Based on the standard theoretical model of lava dome, the imaging effects of normalized VSP RTM and conventional cross-correlation RTM were compared. It is found that VSP RTM can describe the geological body boundary and formation interface more clearly and more accurately, and can eliminate the uneven influence of folds to make energy distribution more uniform, with no well trace. The high-precision 3D VSP RTM technology was applied to the walkaway VSP data of Well L in the Songliao basin, and accurate and fine imaging of near-wellbore formations and small faults was achieved, which further verified the accuracy of the technology. The proposed VSP RTM technology can help improve the imaging accuracy of complex reservoirs around the wellbore.

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    Inversion of Fracture Parameters and Formation Pressure for Fractured Horizontal Wells in Shale Oil Reservoir Based on Soaking Pressure
    WANG Fei, WU Baocheng, LIAO Kai, SHI Shanzhi, ZHANG Shicheng, LI Jianmin, SUO Jielin
    2022, 43 (5):  624-629.  doi: 10.7657/XJPG20220517
    Abstract ( 344 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (884KB) ( 188 )   Save

    A fractured horizontal well in shale oil reservoir should be soaked before it is put into production. In order to quickly evaluate the effect of volume fracturing, a post-frac evaluation method based on the data of soaking pressure of shale oil reservoirs was proposed. Through numerical simulation of well soaking, the pressure diffusion and fluid migration in the stimulation area controlled by the fractured horizontal well were characterized, and a post-closure linear flow calculation model and a fracture storage control calculation model were established. Then a calculation method for inverting fracture parameters and formation pressure was formed. The results show that after pump is stopped, the stimulation area goes through 9 flow stages such as flows controlled by fractures in end section of wellbore, by fractures in the whole wellbore and by reservoir matrix, and the pressure drop derivatives appear as multiple straight-line segments with different slopes in log-log coordinates. This method has been applied to four typical shale oil horizontal wells in Jimsar sag, which proves that the data of soaking pressure can be used for the inversion of fracture parameters and formation pressure, and also verifies the applicability of the proposed method. The study results provide a reference for evaluating fracturing effect and optimizing well spacing.

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