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01 October 2002, Volume 23 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Natural Gas Geology Accelerated the Growth of Natural Gas Reserve in Large Scale in China DAI Jin-xing, XIA Xin-yu, HONG Feng 2002, 23 (5):  357-365.  Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (5445KB) ( 633 )   Save By the end of 2001, China has demonstrated 191 gas fields with a total proved reserve of 30 023×108m3 and remained recoverable reserve of 16 767.72×108m3. This will help China to be a big gas-producing country. Coal measures mainly generate gases, and oil secondarily. Till the beginning of 2001, the proved reserve of coal-formed gas accounts for 64% of total reserve in China. The present greatest 7 gas fields in China are all coal-formed types, which dominate domestic proved natural gas reserves. Presently, China has found 21 great gas fields, accounting for 59.8% of total gas reserve. There are 7 controlling factors in formation of a great gas field. The article has studied 31 indexes of identifying different natural gases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

On Oil and Gas Resources in Marine Carbonate Basin of Central-Western China XU Xiao-song, WANG Zheng-jiang 2002, 23 (5):  366-371.  Abstract ( 87 )   PDF (2607KB) ( 683 )   Save The onshore marine hydrocarbon-bearing basins of China are mainly distributed in Tethyan tectonic domain. From Ptoterozoic to Mesozoic, marine basins like Tarim, Ordos and Sichuan with cratonic basement are of enormous potentials in resources. They are major areas for petroleum exploration and development in China. Two structural strata of the marine basins are developed in Caledonian movement and Hercynian-early Indo-China movement for China's old land sedimentary and tectonic evolutions. The evolution of marine basins in early Paleozoic occurred as hydrocarbon source rocks with transgressive sequence and regressive sequence; during late Paleozoic-early Indo-China movement, the transgressive sequence was dominated by reservoir rocks, deposited secondarily by hydrocarbon source rocks; while the deposits of the regressive sequence developed both hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks. It is shown from exploration and development of these basins that they have three generalities in hydrocarbon generation,accumulation and forming reservoirs, i. e, the prototype basinal evolution is similar to the depositional sequences with five sets of hydrocarbon source rocks (Z2、€1、O1、O2-3、S1); in Caledonian movement formed failed foreland basins, deep basins and multistage exposed and corrosive surfaces occurred with palaeo-uplifts and structural tilting; the carbonate rocks with paleo-karst and overlapping Upper Paleozoic shaped reservoir system. The paleogeographic migration and the time deference of structural evolution resulted in the diversity between northern and southern basins. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Study on Organic Maturity of Cambrian Source Rocks in Tarim Platform Area WANG Fei-yu, LIU Chang-wei, ZHU Lei, ZHANG Shui-chang, ZHANG Bao-min, LIANG Di-gang 2002, 23 (5):  372-375.  Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (1296KB) ( 259 )   Save More than 100 samples from Cambrian marine source rocks in Tarim basin have been analyzed for the data of the reflectance of primary organic materials,of which only 78 have been gained as effective data. According to the present reflectance data,the Middle and Lower Cambrian source rocks of Tarim basin are in the high mature and over mature phase , no Cambrian source rocks still exist in the maturity phase of oil windows presently, the vitrinite reflectance equivalent (VRE) of Cambrian source rocks in Tazhong uplift and Tabei uplift range from 1.8% to 3%,and higher than 3% in Manjar sag,and higher than 4% in the central area of Manjar sag. The relative low maturity area of the Middle and Lower Cambrian source rocks are located in the high areas of Tazhong uplift and Taibei uplift, and limited area Bachu uplift, with VRE ranging from 1.6% to 2.0%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Geologic Features and Explorative Achievements in Foreland Thrust Belt, Turpan-Hami Basin YUAN Ming-sheng, NIU Ren-jie, JIA0 Li-xin, LI Cheng-ming 2002, 23 (5):  376-379.  Abstract ( 114 )   PDF (857KB) ( 386 )   Save Turpan-hami basin has belonged to a foreland basin since Jurassic era. Following Middle Jurassic period, Taibei sag became a major part of its northern foreland depression and formed a series of foreland thrust belts during Yanshan and Himalayan movements,including north marginal pediment nappe belt,middle central faulted fold anti- cline belt and south marginal Huoyanshan-Qiketai front belt. So far great amounts of oil and gas have been found in the central anticline belt. Although little hydrocarbon has been discovered in both south marginal front belt and north marginal pediment nappe belt, it is believed that they have big potentials for petroleum prospecting. Owing to complicated geologic and topographic conditions, corresponding key technologies are needed. Some experiences and measures have been accumulated nowadays. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Temperature and Pressure Fields and Related Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in Southern Margin and Hinterland of Junggar Basin QU Jiang-xiu, ZHA Ming, ZHANG Wei-hai 2002, 23 (5):  380-381.  Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (699KB) ( 251 )   Save Although abnormal high pressure is widely developed in the center and the south of Junggar basin, theforming mechanisms are different due to the discrepancies in sedimentation and tectonics. In the central part, diagenesis and hydrocarbon generation are the key controlling factors. Correspondingly, the main influence elements in the south are under compaction and tectonic uplift. In addition,regional structure controls the distribution of temperature,but lithology, volcanic activity, rifting and suchlike only have important effect on local distribution of temperature. According to the analysis of pressure and temperature fields, it was shown that anomalous temperature and pressure restrain the thermal evolution of organic matters and control the forming and distribution of hydrocarbon. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Isotope Geochemistry Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks in Carboniferous in Tarim Basin ZHU Ru-kai, LUO Ping, LUO Zhong 2002, 23 (5):  382-384.  Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (942KB) ( 419 )   Save It is shown from Tabei, Manxi to Bachu areas that the influences of freshwater and terrigenous organic carbons on Carboniferous carbonate sediments in Tarim basin are gradually going down. In general, the carbonate rocks are of marine sediments with δ 13C(‰PDB) of -4.68‰~+6.7‰ and δ 18O (‰PDB) of -9.72‰~-1.8‰. By calculation, the averaging paleo-temperature of formation water is 25℃, showing the warmer primary marine water. And the growing marine transgression and water depth are indicated by average values of; 87Sr/86Sr being 0.70860 for the carbonate rock, 0.70854 for the bioclastic limestone section, 0.70821 for standard limestone section and 0.70794 for Xiaohaizi limestone section in vertical. While from west to northeast the average values of 86Sr are increasing in plane, indicating that the marine transgression during the Carboniferous period happened in direction from west toward east. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Division of Jurassic Strata in Southwestern Part of Turpan-Hami Basin YANG Dian-zhong 2002, 23 (5):  385-388.  Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (1253KB) ( 321 )   Save The plant fossils of the Early and Middle Jurassic in southwestern part of Turpan-Hami basin are studied. On the basis of these fossils, combining with rock stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy, the characteristics of Early and Middle Jurassic plant assemblage are described, the new strata drvision is made, and new division project is proposed herein, based on these new plant fossil materials and taking into account for easy operation in the field. Also, this paper presents marker bed feature and recognition method for coal seam,bio-fossil group,unconformity and lithology, etc. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Pressure Field and Its Evolutional Characteristics in Qiongdongnan Basin LI Chun-quan, CHEN Hong-han, ZHANG Shu-lin 2002, 23 (5):  389-391.  Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (1519KB) ( 336 )   Save Qiongdongnan basin is an offshore petroliferous basin with several hydrocarbon generating sags,but there is no great breakthrough except fro the YC13-1 gas field after years of exploration. One of the challenges met in the exploration if the overpressure closely related with hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. No doubt that understanding the overpressure clearly is very helpful to the exploration. Based on years of research results in this area,this paper gave out a systematic description of the pressure field of Qiongdongnan basin. Beginning with the well alone characteristics of the pressure, the paper sum up the characteristics into four types (normal pressure, one segment overpressure, overpressure compartment, cycling overpressure), and further, described the distribution characteristics of present pressure, and zoned the pressure field of the whole basin. At last this paper presented the palaeopressure modeling result, and reappeared the evolution process of the pressure field in the geological history. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Identification of Characterisitics of Yanqi Mesozoic Proatotype Basin LIU Xin-yue, LIN She-qing, HE Ming-xi, HE Yu-bing, YAN You-ping 2002, 23 (5):  392-393.  Abstract ( 101 )   PDF (1245KB) ( 226 )   Save This paper analyzes the regional tectonic setting in Yanqi basin, and it is concluded that present tectonic framework is controlled by approximate east-west faults and north-west ones. Based on palaeomagnetic data, the peripheral tensional structure, intrabasinal residual normal fault, high geothermal gradient and the characters of sedimentary. Study shows that Yanqi Mesozoic basin is an extensional fault basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Petroleum Accumulation Characteristics and Favorable Zones of Xiaocaohu Secondary Sag in Taibei Sag LI Bin 2002, 23 (5):  394-396.  Abstract ( 71 )   PDF (6029KB) ( 144 )   Save In Turpan-Hami basin, multi-source rocks are developed in Xiaocaohu secondary sag,and show good source conditions, abundant petroleum resources and bright prospects for exploration. Three reservoir-cap assemblages developed in Middle Jurassic formed reservoir ty pes in the sag which are structural-lithology oil-gas pools in Sanjianfang formation and Qiketai formation along with deep basinal gas pools in Xishanyao formation of Jurassic. The late Yanshan movement is a major stage for hydrocarbon accumulation in Xiaocaohu secondary sag. The primary controlled factors for its hydrocarbon accumulation is due to its palaeo-structures, tectonic setting and traps with structural-lithology feature. The exploratory efforts has good effectiveness based on these main controlled factors for evaluation and optimization of its favorable zones. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Tomographic Inverse Technique for Static Correction and Result Analysis for Its Application ZHAO Feng, ZHENG Hong-ming, GUO Hong-xian, LUO Yong 2002, 23 (5):  397-399.  Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (1580KB) ( 272 )   Save The tomographic inverse technique for near-surface model is a model to be used for inversing various media velocity from subsurface and near-surface by means of seismic first arrival time and seismic ray-tracing method in order to obtain subsurface seismic velocity and corresponding depth information at geophone spots as required and develop corresponding surface structural models. According to these, we can get static correction values of shot point and acceptance point so that eliminates influence from static corrections and improve resolution of seismic reflecting wave for gaining high quality of seismic profiles. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Geophysical Recognition Model for Carbonate Reservoir in Tahe Oilfield WANG Qin-cong, LI Zong-jie, SUN Wen 2002, 23 (5):  400-401.  Abstract ( 100 )   PDF (1177KB) ( 223 )   Save Tahe oilfield's carbonate reservoir is buried deeply with normal depth over -5300m. The dominated system of carbonate fractures and corrosive caverns and serious heterogeneity in plane and vertical results in difficulty for transverse prediction of the reservoir distribution. This paper correlated and analyzed a lot of drilling,coring, well logging and seismic data, discussed and developed a geophysical recognizing model for extra-deep carbonate reservoirs, which gives a great support to exploration and development of Tahe oilfield by means of such a more practical model for carbonate reservoir recognition and prediction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of XMAC Well Log Data in Recognition of Oil and Gas Intervals YANG Lei, GAO Qiu-tao, WANG Guo-bin, LI Gui-qiu, LI Shu-yun, ZHANG Jun 2002, 23 (5):  402-403.  Abstract ( 144 )   PDF (1144KB) ( 290 )   Save XMAC full wave well log data are of universal application in petroleum exploration and oilfield engineering project. This paper proposed methods of using XMAC well log data for recognition of oil and gas based on study of full wave transit theory, including primary waveform recognition method, compressional/shear wave ratio method and compressional and shear wave decay method for hydrocarbon recognition. And good applied effectiveness has been achieved in the oilfield. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Evaluation System of Gas Injection Experiment for EOR GUO Ping, LIU Jian-yi, LI Shi-lun, SUN Liang-tian, LI Min 2002, 23 (5):  408-410.  Abstract ( 92 )   PDF (163KB) ( 247 )   Save There are big differences between gas injection and water flooding or other displacement process. In recent years, with discovery of more natural gas or gas snows, more and more oilfields have started to probe feasibilities of using gas injection for EOR. However, few literatures about systematic evaluation and related exploration that are applied for oilfield development are published at present. According to many-year studying experiences and related reports at home and abroad, this paper briefly presents the purposes of gas injection experiment and relevant researches, followed by making analysis of various lab contents in different oilfields and injected media. These can be as a guide for considerations of lab experiment contents and research projects as required for field gas injection project planning and evaluation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Influence of Phase State Interconversion on Oil Displacement Efficiency in Chemical Flooding CHEN Min-feng, LANG Zhao-xin 2002, 23 (5):  411-414.  Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (1239KB) ( 270 )   Save In this paper, influence in chemical flooding from change of phase state and capillary number under different phase state on the end value, exponent of relative permeability curve and residual oil saturation are discussed. Also presented is the experimental oil displacement efficiency of displacing phase at different capillary number in different rocks with varied wettability. The results demonstrate that optimal system should be held to enhance oil recovery largely. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Establishment and A pplication of Time V ariant Structural Forecast Model in the Oifield Development GAO Wen-jun, CHENG Xing-hai, LIU Ying, YANG Li-heng 2002, 23 (5):  415-418.  Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (434KB) ( 169 )   Save Based on the oilfield development law study, the undetermined coefficient of forecast mode is regarded as time variant parameter. The time variant structural forecast model of oilfield generalized production and two common water drive characteristic curves are developed. And multilayer recursive forecast method of systematic recognition theory is used to estimate parameter, which can greatly improve the model match accuracy and forecast accuracy. The application shows that it has good effectiveness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Priced Level of Heavy Oil in Tahe Oilfield and Determination of Mixed Oil Density WEI Wei, SUN Xu-guang, DONG Wei-kai, SONG Jun-xin, ZHANG Li-qin 2002, 23 (5):  419-420.  Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (540KB) ( 168 )   Save The crude output of Northwest Petroleum Bureau has been growing rapidly in recent years, in which the heavy oil with high sulphur, high metal content and high density accounts for more and more proportions in output structures. But a heavy oil field's development today is restricted by becoming poor in oil product quality, lowering in oil price,resulting in increasing difficulty for such a crude sales or marketing. This paper analyzed Japopu's price system and international and domestic methods or principles for crude pricing, hence determined that Tahe heavy oil should belong to Duri crude in terms of international standard, and Gudao heavy oil in terms of domestic standard; its agio value should be in accordance with the Tarim's. Meanwhile, the paper calculated quality difference value of Tahe heavy oil, based on which the price level for it and more reasonable blending and exchange program are finally and rationally determined. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Technology for Gas Injection Miscible Phase Recovery in Pubei Oilfield of Turpan-Hami Basin LIU Bin, ZHANG Jun, LI Y an-ming, PU Yu-e, HE Shu-hua 2002, 23 (5):  424-426.  Abstract ( 103 )   PDF (1183KB) ( 503 )   Save Taking Pubei oilfield as an example, this paper systematically presents the reservoir condition, detailed reservoir description,key index determination and overall project design in relation to gas injection miscible phase recovery. It is stressed that detailed reservoir description, comprehensive studies, including lab experiment and evaluation, numerical simulation and economic assessment of miscible phase recovery, have to be performed prior gas injection miscible phase recovery for a low permeability oilfield. And analysis and evaluation in detail are made in view of issues from field production and effectiveness of Pubei oilfield development. Thus more practical experiences would be gained for the miscible phase recovery with low permeability oilfield. References | Related Articles | Metrics

New Equations for Determination of Non-Resistance Flow in Gas Wells WANG Shu-juan, LIU Jin-yu, HAO Yu-hong 2002, 23 (5):  427-428.  Abstract ( 145 )   PDF (785KB) ( 362 )   Save According to equations for stable gas well productivity, and considering some key parameters affecting a gas well productivity such as formation pressure, formation factor and permeability, this paper proposed functional relations between the non-resistance flow in a gas well and these parameters respectively, and established correlated curves by using a lot of well testing data from Changqing gas field, obtained three new equations for non-resistance flow of gas wells by linear regression analysis. Case calculations show that these equations are simple for application and reliable for results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of Minimax Variance Cluster Analysis Method in Well Log Layering Data Record—an example of Well Block Mo-005 in Mobei oilfield ZHANG Ming-yu 2002, 23 (5):  429-431.  Abstract ( 84 )   PDF (1562KB) ( 250 )   Save In geologic orienting drilling in Well Block Mo-005 of Mobei oilfield in Junggar basin, minimax variance cluster method was applied, and automatic layering data record on digitalizing well logs had been realized. This method can be used to find out maximal and minimal points of interlayer variances on digitalizing well logs as layering points, and take account of screen effect of overlying and underlying surrounding rocks on thin sands or layers along with fluctuation of well log curves. All layering points are put in order as a set of ordinal numbers in terms of depth, followed by performing parallel processing with the method of cluster analysis. The results are very closed to real lithologic section zonation owing to its most distinct interlayer heterogeneity and inner-layer homogenization. The whole procedure of layering data record is automatically fulfilled on the basis of these method with VB (V6.0) program by computer. Such a method is suitable for auto-well logging phase analysis of sand-shale series. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of 3D Pre-stack Time Migration Technology in Complex Areas LUO Yong, ZHAO Feng, CHEN Zhi-gang 2002, 23 (5):  432-434.  Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (555KB) ( 238 )   Save In conventional seismic data processing, reflect wave migration images are based on common depth point (CDP) or common midpoint (CMP) stacking technology. In an area with relative complex geologic structures, introduction of stacking process may result in some aberrance or lost of seismic reflect information from big dip-angle strata or fine or micro geologic phenomenon. The currently matured pre-stack migration imaging technique in computation can compensate limitations of post-stack migration imaging technique, particularly in pediment area with complex structures. This technique can not only make images of reflect waves properly,but also improve signal to noise ratio and resolution of seismic data. References | Related Articles | Metrics

The Oil and Gas Geologic Conditions in Alashan Landmass AN Zuo-xiang, MA Ji 2002, 23 (5):  435-438.  Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (1524KB) ( 325 )   Save The hydrocarbon prospecting efforts in Alashan area should see from the angle of full-scale domain, on the basis of previous studies, by means of the data from geology, geophysics, drilling, etc., the basinal classification problem has to be dealt with first of all, i.e., properly proposing its structural units within the basin; secondly, providing its petroleum systems so that find out target zone in the whole systems including hydrocarbon generation, migration, accumulation, re-migration and re-accumulation. There exist two petroleum systems: Jurassic petroleum system in which oil reservoir with low productivity has been found, the key problem is to understand and determine the size of hydrocar-bon source area and hydrocarbon bearing abundance; Carboniferous petroleum system, the key problem is to understand and determine the conditions of cap rocks and the integrity of traps. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Investigation of Xinjiang Petroleum Geology Status Given by Chinese Scholars before Liberation WANG Lian-fang 2002, 23 (5):  439-441.  Abstract ( 109 )   PDF (151KB) ( 394 )   Save In early the 20th century,with formation and development of modern geology in China, some Chinese scholars started their investigations and researches of petroleum geology in Xinjiang. By the end of 1930's, macroscopic investigations of petroleum resources in Xinjiang and geologic studies of discovered important oil shows conducted by Weng Wenjin and Zhang Hongzhao et al, according to a few documents and indirectly obtained data. At the beginning of 1940's, geologists like Huang Xiqing et al made on-the-spot investigations in Xinjiang, including researches in detail of Dushanzi oilfield, field-trip petroleum geologic investigations in part areas in south and north Xinjiang. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Hydrocarbon Geologic Characteristics of Upsalt Zone in Caspian Seashore Basin LIU Luo-fu, ZHU Yi-xiu, ZHANG Zhan-feng, HU Ai-mei 2002, 23 (5):  442-447.  Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (2653KB) ( 416 )   Save This paper analyzed the features in base geology and petroleum geology of upsalt zones in Caspian seashore basin, in which there exist distinct differences among different parts of the basin in stratigraphic, structural and petroleum geologic features. In view of areal differentiation of upsalt zones in different areas, the characteristics and distribution of discovered oil and gas fields or pools are studied in this paper, pointing out that in the upsalt zones, the most favorable target areas for petroleum exploration are located in Kalaton-Tianjits uplift area and north Caspian-Atsjile up- lift area; the more favorable target areas are in Yanbieke-Zarkameis and Zananor area in eastern basin and Bikzar uplift area in southern basin; the target areas with certain potentials for petroleum prospecting are in southwest and west slope of Asterahan-Akjiubin uplift belt in western and southwestern basin as well as Ugen area in northwestern basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics