塔里木盆地油气勘探历程与启示

doi:10.7657/XJPG20210303

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

塔里木盆地于1950年正式开启了油气勘探历史。根据勘探重点区域、勘探指导思想、地质认识、勘探对象、技术手段和勘探成果的发展变化,将70年来的勘探历程划分为4个阶段：1950—1983年,盆地边缘山前带“五上五下”艰难探索;1984—1996年,突破台盆区,“六上”塔里木,台盆区碎屑岩勘探取得规模发现;1997—2005年,坚持“四个并举”,强化技术攻关,库车山前勘探取得重大突破;2006年至今,锁定三大阵地战,库车前陆盐下冲断带和台盆区缝洞型碳酸盐岩两大超深层领域全面突破。塔里木盆地在中国最快、最早进入超深层勘探阶段,对其超深层油气富集规律认识和勘探经验进行了总结。受冷盆环境、有效烃源岩发育于盆地早期等因素的控制,超深层仍然可以大规模发育有效储集层,形成连片的大型油气富集带,是值得着重探索的重要领域。在塔里木盆地超深层勘探实践中,持续开展技术攻关和认识创新、先铺开部署三维地震再部署预探井、实行勘探开发一体化生产组织是快速取得规模勘探发现的成功经验。

关键词: 塔里木盆地, 勘探历程, 盐下冲断带, 缝洞型碳酸盐岩, 超深层油气, 勘探经验

Abstract:

After summarizing the petroleum exploration history in the Tarim basin since 1950 from the points of major exploration areas and targets, exploration ideas, geological understandings and exploration technology and achievements, the exploration process for over 70 years in the basin can be divided into 4 stages: (1) Uphill exploration in the piedmont of the margin of the basin from 1950 to 1983; (2) Breakthrough to the cratonic area through conducting 6 times of exploration in the basin, and making many discoveries in cratonic clastic reservoirs from 1984 to 1996; (3) Great breakthrough in Kuqa piedmont area through persisting on “4 equal stresses” and strengthening technical research from 1997 to 2005; (4) Breakthroughs to subsalt thrust belts in the Kuqa foreland basin and to the fractured-vuggy carbonate rocks in ultra-deep exploration areas through focusing on three “battlefields” since 2006. As the first basin targeting ultra-deep exploration in China, it is necessary to summarize the hydrocarbon accumulation laws and exploration experiences. Due to low geothermal gradient and early-deposited effective source rocks, large-scale effective reservoirs may exist and accumulate in ultra-deep layers and large-scale hydrocarbon enrichment zones form. They are potential targets for future exploration, especially in the basin with low geothermal gradient in the central and western parts. The ultra-deep exploration practice in the Tarim basin has proved that persisting on technical research and innovation, conducting 3D seismic survey before drilling wildcat wells, and running integrated exploration and development are successful ways to make fast and large-scale exploration discoveries.

Key words: Tarim basin, exploration history, subsalt thrust belt, fractured-vuggy carbonate rock, ultra-deep oil and gas, exploration experience

中图分类号:

TE132

田军. 塔里木盆地油气勘探历程与启示[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2021, 42(3): 272-282.

TIAN Jun. Petroleum Exploration History and Enlightenment in Tarim Basin[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2021, 42(3): 272-282.

图/表 9

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1950—2020年塔里木盆地各勘探时间段基本情况"

时间	勘探重点区域	勘探指导思想	地质认识	勘探对象	技术手段	重要勘探成果
1950— 1983年	库车、塔西南山前带	类比费尔干纳盆地和塔吉克盆地,寻找山前有利目标	西南坳陷、库车坳陷中新生界为最有利领域	地表油苗区和地面构造	重磁电勘探;浅井钻探	依奇克里克油田、柯克亚气田
1984— 1996年	台盆区	在台盆区建立两个根据地,打出两个拳头	台盆区是油气勘探更为现实的切入点和突破口	中浅层、深层构造圈闭	常规数字二维地震	沙参2井、轮南1井、轮南2井、英买1井、塔中1井、轮南油气田群、英买力—牙哈油气田群、东河塘油田、塔中4油田
1997— 2005年	山前带和台盆区并举	“四个并举”	台盆区油气集中在塔北隆起和塔中凸起,前陆区油气集中在山前逆冲构造带和前缘隆起上;纵向上应当逼近主力烃源层,寻找大型原生油气藏	中浅层、深层构造圈闭、岩性圈闭	台盆区三维地震与储集层预测技术、库车山前“直线”二维地震	哈得逊油田、轮古油田、塔中Ⅰ号气田（良里塔格组礁滩体）、克拉2气田、大北气田、迪那2气田、和田河气田
2006年至今	库车坳陷、塔北隆起、塔中凸起	大打库车、塔北、塔中三大阵地战	必须坚持围绕库车山前白垩系—古近系和台盆区奥陶系集中开展勘探部署;油气资源量和储量相对集中在库车坳陷、塔北隆起和塔中凸起	超深层构造圈闭、岩性圈闭	台盆区高密度宽方位三维地震、超深井精确中靶技术;库车山前宽线-大组合二维地震、高精度三维地震、复杂地层超深井钻完井技术	塔中Ⅰ号气田（鹰山组层间岩溶）、哈拉哈塘油田、克拉苏气田、中深1井、轮探1井

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时间	阶段	五上原因	主要勘探区域	主要勘探工作	勘探发现	五下原因
1950— 1954年	一上一下	苏联援建,中苏石油公司成立	喀什凹陷和库车坳陷	地质普查、详查;重磁电勘探;浅井钻探		目的层埋藏深,交通不便,勘探重点在北疆
1956— 1959年	二上二下	中苏石油公司移交中方,成立新疆石油管理局,组建库车大队	扩展到阿克苏—柯坪地区、莎车—皮山地区和玛扎塔格山前	地质普查、详查;重磁力概查;航磁普查;地震;库车地区钻探	1958年发现依奇克里克油田	支援大庆会战,撤销塔里木矿务局
1964— 1967年	三上三下	塔里木作为三线建设重点,勘探力量重返南疆	库车坳陷、塔北隆起、巴楚凸起、塔东隆起	地质普查;地震;有利构造钻探;参数井钻探		勘探工作停顿
1970— 1973年	四上四下	加强三线建设,重新组建了南疆石油勘探会战指挥部	盆地西南部、库车坳陷	地质普查、详查;地震;克拉托构造钻探		钻探效果不佳,勘探队伍调离
1975— 1983年	五上五下	塔西南发现多处油苗,决定加速塔里木盆地勘探	库车坳陷—巴楚凸起西部—西南坳陷一带的“马蹄形探区”	地质详查;地震;航磁;大规模钻井	1977年发现柯克亚气田	“马蹄形”会战失利,勘探重点转移到北疆