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    Research Progress and Trend of Ultra-Deep Strike-Slip Fault-Controlled Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in Tarim Basin
    WANG Qinghua, CAI Zhenzhong, ZHANG Yintao, WU Guanghui, XIE Zhou, WAN Xiaoguo, TANG Hao
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 379-386.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240401
    Abstract385)   HTML33)    PDF(pc) (4805KB)(500)       Save

    Ultra-deep strike-slip fault-controlled hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered as a new frontier for exploration and development in the Tarim basin. However, the complexity of these reservoirs poses a significant challenge for profitable development, necessitating enhanced foundational geological research. The strike-slip fault-controlled hydrocarbon reservoirs are commonly characterized by strong heterogeneity, intricate reservoir and fluid distribution, significant variations in hydrocarbon production, and low recovery. The great differences in faulting, reservoir characteristics, hydrocarbon accumulation, and fluid dynamics of these reservoirs between different areas present a series of exploration and development challenges. A series of models for strike-slip fault zones of different genesis and their controls on reservoirs have been established, and the mechanisms of reservoir formation along strike-slip fault zones including combined reservoir control by microfacies, strike-slip fault and dissolution, and contiguous, differential and extensive development have been revealed. Furthermore, the strike-slip fault-controlled reservoir models with “source-fault-reservoir-caprock coupling” and “small reservoir but large field” are constructed, unveiling the mechanisms of the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation of ultra-deep strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs. This research breaks through the limitations in theory that weak strike-slip faults in cratonic basins are difficult to form large-scale strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs and large oil/gas fields. Finally, the genesis of large-scale strike-slip fault systems, the differential reservoir formation mechanisms within strike-slip fault zones, and the hydrocarbon enrichment patterns in cratonic basins have been clarified.

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    Precursor and Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Generation for Shale Oil in Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag
    WANG Jian, LIU Jin, PAN Xiaohui, ZHANG Baozhen, LI Erting, ZHOU Xinyan
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 253-261.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240301
    Abstract374)   HTML30)    PDF(pc) (6824KB)(434)       Save

    In order to clarify the differences in hydrocarbon-generating precursor and mechanism of the shale oil between the upper and lower sweet spots of the Lucaogou formation, the source rocks of the Lucaogou formation in the Jimsar sag were characterized ultra-microbiologically using field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron probe, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments. The results show that the main hydrocarbon-generating precursor of the shale oil in the upper sweet spot is lamalginite (Microcystis), with straight-chain aliphatic series in dominance, and the main hydrocarbon-generating precursor in the lower sweet spot is telalginite (Tasmanian algae), which is rich in branched-chain aliphatic, aromatic, and sulfoxide functional groups. Due to the significantly higher activation energy required for the cleavage of long straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons than that for branched-chain hydrocarbons, as well as the lower bond energies of carbon-sulfur and carbon-nitrogen bonds, the activation energy of the precursor of the shale oil in the lower sweet spot is lower than that in the upper sweet spot. Consequently, early-stage hydrocarbon generation occurs, leading to the formation of high-density crude oil rich in non-hydrocarbon bitumen at low maturity, which is the primary reason for the relatively heavy and viscous nature of the crude oil in the lower sweet spot.

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    Layered Structural Deformation Characteristics of Kuqa Foreland Thrust Belt
    XU Zhenping, YANG Xianzhang, NENG Yuan, DUAN Yunjiang, ZHANG Wen, HU Jianning, ZHANG Mengyang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 505-515.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240501
    Abstract255)   HTML14)    PDF(pc) (5903KB)(337)       Save

    The seismic data acquired from Kuqa foreland thrust belt is characterized by low signal-to-noise ratio and high interpretive ambiguity. By using high-resolution 3D seismic data, drilling and lab hydrocarbon analysis data, the stratigraphic assemblages of Kuqa foreland thrust belt were systematically described, the structural model was detailedly interpreted, and the hydrocarbon accumulation system was deeply analyzed. It is found that the Kuqa foreland thrust belt develops two sets of detachment layers: Paleogene and Neogene gypsum-salt rocks, and Triassic and Jurassic coal measures, all of which feature stratified detachment, vertical stacking, and multiphase deformation. Detachment folds in caprocks are found in the shallow structures, while basement-involved imbricate thrust structures are developed in deep strata. Detachment plastic deformation occured in the gypsum-salt and coal layers. Faulting occured in three phases including Caledonian, late Hercynian-Indosinian, and Yanshanian-Himalayan. The late Hercynian-Indosinian tectonics controlled the Mesozoic sedimentation, showing a north-to-south onlap thinning feature. Layered structural deformation in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt governs the stratified accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons in the strata above the coal seam predominantly originated from the Jurassic source rocks, whereas oil and gas in the strata below the coal seam mainly came from the Triassic source rocks which contributs 60% of the hydrocarbons. A substantial quantity of hydrocarbon remains trapped in the formation below the coal layer.

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    Thermal Evolution History of Shale in Da’anzhai Member and Its Petroleum Geological Significance in Central Sichuan Basin
    JIANG Qijun, LI Yong, XIAO Zhenglu, LU Jungang, QIN Chunyu, ZHANG Shaomin
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 262-270.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240302
    Abstract298)   HTML321)    PDF(pc) (821KB)(331)       Save

    The Da’anzhai member of the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing formation is the most favorable layer for the development of continental shale oil in the Sichuan basin, and has huge potential in shale oil exploration. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the thermal evolution history of this formation. Using the simulation system for petroliferous basins, the differences in the thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation of the shales in Da’anzhai member between the northern part and the central part of the central Sichuan basin were comparatively analyzed, and their impacts on shale oil enrichment were discussed. The thermal evolution degree of the shale of Da’anzhai member in the study area gradually increases from southwest to northeast, and the shale can be divided into a highly matured zone and a matured zone on the plane. The highly matured zone is located in the northern part of the study area, with vitrinite reflectance ranging from 1.3% to 1.7%, mainly developing Type Ⅲ organic matter. The early oil generation occured in the early Late Jurassic, and the oil generation peaked at the end of Late Jurassic, experiencing two phases of hydrocarbon generation. The matured zone is located in the central to southern parts of the study area, with vitrinite reflectance ranging from 0.9% to 1.3%, mainly developing Type Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2 organic matter. The sedimentary thickness of the Jurassic is relatively small, the early oil generation occured at the end of the Late Jurassic and reached the peak in the Early Cretaceous, with only one period of hydrocarbon generation. Compared with the northern area, a large set of organic-rich shales deposited in the central area, which provieded a solid material basis for shale oil in the Da’anzhai member. However, the tectonic uplift and stratum erosion since the Paleogene posed a certain destructive effect on the preservation of oil and gas in this area.

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    Seismic Identification of Strike-Slip Fault Damage Zones Based on Structure Tensor Analysis: A Case Study of Ultra-Deep Carbonate Rocks in Fuman Oilfield
    WANG Rujun, SUN Chong, YUAN Jingyi, LIU Ruidong, WANG Xuan, MA Yinglong, WANG Xupeng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 475-482.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240412
    Abstract199)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (4592KB)(329)       Save

    Abundant hydrocarbon resources have been discovered in the ultra-deep Ordovician carbonate strike-slip fault damage zones of the Tarim basin. However, these zones cannot be accurately characterized due to the low resolution of seismic data obtained from the ultra-deep layers, thereby restricting the efficient evaluation and target selection of the strike-slip fault-controlled hydrocarbon reservoirs. According to the seismic responses of the strike-slip fault damage zones in the Fuman oilfield, and based on the structure-oriented filtering, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors were calculated by using the structure tensor method, and the projection energy along the fault direction was enhanced by selecting appropriate time windows and stacking vertical thicknesses, which accentuates the strike-slip fault damage zones, enabling a clearer delineation of their boundaries and intensities. The results show that this method provides a clearer depiction of strike-slip fault distribution, allows for the identification of smaller-scale faults, and effectively delineates the width and intensity of ultra-deep carbonate strike-slip fault damage zones, which can be used to evaluate the development degree of the strike-slip fault damage zones. This method can be employed in trap evaluation, well placement, trajectory design, and well monitoring, which will improve drilling success rates and individual well productivity.

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    Optimization of Geological Sweet Spots for Shale Oil in Fengcheng Formation in Well Maye-1, Mahu Sag
    LI Na, LI Hui, LIU Hong, CHEN Fangwen, YANG Sen, ZOU Yang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 271-278.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240303
    Abstract281)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (940KB)(308)       Save

    The Fengcheng formation in the Mahu sag is a typical alkaline lacustrine deposit characterized by mixed provenance, complex lithology, overall oil possibility, and scattered sweet spots. To efficiently explore and develop the shale oil, it is necessary to optimize geological sweet spots for the shale oil. Based on the results of high-pressure mercury injection and rock pyrolysis experiments, the reservoir and shale oil mobility of the Fengcheng formation in Well Maye-1 were evaluated, a model for optimizing geological sweet spots for the shale oil was constructed, and the vertical distribution of geological sweet spots for the shale oil was assessed. The results show that porosity, total organic carbon content, brittle mineral content, and difference between free hydrocarbon content and 100 times of total organic carbon content are parameters for respectively evaluating the reservoir performance, oil-bearing property, brittleness, and shale oil mobility of the Fengcheng formation. A model for optimizing geological sweet spots for the shale oil was constructed by using these four parameters, with sweet spot factors for Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ shale oil geological sweet spots in Well Maye-1 being greater than 0.282 3, ranging from 0.011 1 to 0.282 3, and less than 0.011 1, respectively. Class Ⅰ shale oil geological sweet spots in the Fengcheng formation in Well Maye-1 are mainly distributed in the upper part of the second member of Fengcheng formation and in the third member of Fengcheng formation, with lithology dominated by mudstone and dolomitic mudstone.

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    NMR Logging-Based Productivity Analysis and Sweet Spot Evaluation for Shale Oil
    QIN Jianhua, LI Yingyan, DU Gefeng, ZHOU Yang, DENG Yuan, PENG Shouchang, XIAO Dianshi
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 317-326.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240308
    Abstract294)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (1650KB)(296)       Save

    Shale oil horizontal wells in the Lucaogou formation within the Jimsar sag vary greatly in productivity, with notable differences in water production rate. Main factors controlling this phenomenon remain unclear. Moreover, the existing sweet spot classification criteria fail to meet the requirements for fine development of shale oil in this area, and the interpretation of oil saturation and mobility based on the cutoff values from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging cannot realize precise identification of shale oil sweet spots. In this paper, based on the results of NMR logging and laboratory NMR testing, and through frequency division processing, NMR logging-based pore structure characterization by fluids, and elastic oil displacement simulation, the distribution of different types of fluids in shale oil reservoirs was characterized detailedly. The pore sizes for oil/water occurrence were delineated, and a model for evaluating movable oil amount was established to quantitatively characterize the fluid occurrence, pore size distribution, movable oil quantity, and other parameters. By integrating single-well testing and production data, the factors controlling horizontal well productivity were elucidated. The results show that horizontal well productivity is much more correlated to the large-pore light oil proportion (LOP) and movable oil porosity (MOP) than to porosity, oil saturation, NMR MOP and other parameters. The water influence index reflects the extent of formation water’s impact on shale oil flow, and given the same MOP, a smaller water influence index corresponds to a higher productivity and a lower water cut of a horizontal well. Based on large-pore LOP, water influence index and MOP, the shale oil sweet spots are classified into Class Ⅰ, Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ, with rapid decline in daily oil production and significant rise in water cut, which can serve as the basis for finely evaluating shale oil sweet spots in the Lucaogou formation.

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    Establishment and Application of Rock Mechanical Parameter Profile to Tight Reservoirs in Yongjin Oilfield
    GAI Shanshan, WANG Zizhen, LIU Haojie, ZHANG Wensheng, YU Wenzheng, YANG Chongxiang, WANG Yuping
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 362-370.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240314
    Abstract261)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (3814KB)(296)       Save

    In order to study the fracability evaluation method for low-permeability tight reservoirs, experiments were conducted on six core samples from Well Y301 and Well Y3 in the Yongjin oilfield, Shawan sag, Junggar basin, and the parameters such as rock mineral composition, porosity, stress-strain curves, P-wave velocity, and S-wave velocity were obtained. The experiment results agreed well with logging data, and an empirical rock mechanical model was established for the study area. Meanwhile, based on the equivalent medium model, a new model considering mineral composition and pore structure characteristics was developed for calculating rock brittleness index. Then, a method for constructing the rock mechanical parameter profile of low-permeability tight reservoirs based on logging data was established and applied in Well Y301. The application results show that the Qigu formation in Well Y301 has good fracability, which lays a foundation for the comprehensive evaluation of fracability of tight sandstone reservoirs.

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    Dynamic Reserves Calculation Method for Fault-Controlled Carbonate Reservoirs
    GENG Jie, YUE Ping, YANG Wenming, YANG Bo, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Rujie
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 499-504.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240415
    Abstract258)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (960KB)(278)       Save

    Fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs are highly heterogeneous, with interweaving development of pores, fractures, and vugs of various sizes. For this kind of reservoirs, the dynamic reserves calculated using conventional material balance methods may be larger than the static reserves. By incorporating water-oil ratio and considering rock compressibility coefficients for different pore-fracture-vug media, a comprehensive compressibility coefficient suitable for the fault-controlled reservoirs was derived. On this basis, a new flow material balance equation was established for the fault-karst reservoir, and its accuracy and applicability were verified using numerical simulation. The research results show that the dynamic reserves calculated by the new equation have an error of only 0.1099% with the static reserves obtained from numerical simulation, confirming the new equation’s reliability and accuracy. In the Halahatang area, the relative error between the dynamic reserves calculated using the new equation and the static reserves derived from geological modeling for multiple wells ranged from -4.82% to -0.15%, which is significantly lower than that calculated using the conventional material balance equation. The results obtained from the new equation are closer to actual conditions, making it more suitable for calculating the reserves of the fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs in the Halahatang area.

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    Segmented Structural Characteristics and Growth Mechanism of Transtensional Strike-Slip Fault Zone in Tazhong Uplift
    BAI Bingchen, WU Guanghui, MA Bingshan, ZHAO Xingxing, TANG Hao, SHEN Chunguang, WANG Xupeng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 409-416.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240404
    Abstract212)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (5426KB)(267)       Save

    In the Tarim basin, transpressional strike-slip faults are developed under oblique compression in the Ordovician carbonate rocks, but a series of transtensional strike-slip faults have been discovered in the Tazhong uplift, significantly controlling the hydrocarbon accumulation. Using the 3D seismic data from the western Tazhong uplift, as well as the attributes such as coherence and curvature, the kinematic parameters of the strike-slip faults were statistically analyzed. Through structural analysis of the strike-slip faults, the F21 strike-slip fault zone in the Tazhong uplift was optimally selected for segmented modeling, and its growth mechanism was investigated. The results show that the F21 strike-slip fault zone is segmented horizontally and stratified vertically. Various structural forms such as linear, en echelon, horsetail, wingtip, braided, and overlapping structures are found at the top of the Ordovician carbonates. The characteristics of altitude differences of the fault zone reveal segmentation and tail-end expansion as the growth mechanisms, elucidating its role as a transform fault that regulates the reverse contraction deformation on either side of the strike-slip fault zone, and clarifying its evolution process including stages of en echelon fracturing, growth and linkage, and reactivation.

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    Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow Behaviors in Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoirs With Fluid-Solid Coupling
    LIU Qiang, LI Jing, LI Ting, ZHENG Mingjun, XU Mengjia, WANG Xuan, WU Mingyang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 451-459.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240409
    Abstract191)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (4788KB)(265)       Save

    To enhance the recovery of fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs and investigate the oil-water two-phase flow behaviors under fluid-solid coupling effect, a Darcy-Stokes two-phase flow model was established based on the fluid flow patterns in different media. According to the principles of effective stress and the generalized Hooke’s law, an oil-water two-phase Darcy-Stokes coupled mathematical model suitable for fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs was developed. Macroscopic and microscopic simulations of oil-water two-phase flows were conducted for carbonate reservoirs with and without fluid-solid coupling effect. The results show a significant difference in oil-water two-phase flow behaviors within the matrix zones of reservoirs with and without fluid-solid coupling effect, but a small difference within cavities. Water injection rate greatly influences oil-water flows in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs.

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    Optimization of Perforation in CBM Horizontal Wells in Southern Qinshui Basin
    LI Kexin, ZHANG Cong, LI Jun, LIU Chunchun, YANG Ruiqiang, ZHANG Wuchang, LI Shaonan, REN Zhijian
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 581-589.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240510
    Abstract220)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (766KB)(258)       Save

    To enhance the fracturing performance of coalbed methane (CBM) horizontal wells in the Qinshui basin, by analyzing the data of distributed optical fiber monitoring of water and gas production profiles, mud log, and well logging, the key factors influencing the fracturing performance were identified. These factors include coal quality, coal structure, drilling position, and perforation method. The middle to upper part of coal seam No. 3 in the Qinshui basin, characterized by low GR values, high coal quality, and intact coal structure, is identified as the optimal interval for fracturing stimulation. Based on the double GR curves, the drilling position of horizontal wellbore trajectory in the coal seam can be accurately determined, aiding in the selection of optimal fracturing interval and perforation method. When the drilling position is located in the middle part of the coal seam, conventional perforation method can be efficient. When the drilling position approaches the roof or is beyond the seam, downward directional perforation is preferred to effectively stimulate the high-quality upper part of the coal seam. When the drilling position is near the lower dirt band, upward directional perforation is advisable to target the high-quality middle part of the coal seam. Field application to 46 horizontal wells demonstrated that the single well production exceeded 2.5×104 m3/d and was stabilized at 2×104 m3/d, and the reservoir fracturing efficiency increased by 10% to 50%, recording a satisfactory development effect of the horizontal wells.

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    Pore Throat Structures and Fluid Occurrences of Reservoirs in Fengcheng Formation, Mahu Sag
    ZHU Yue, WU Shunwei, DENG Yusen, LIU Lin, LEI Xianghui, NIU Youmu
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 286-295.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240305
    Abstract235)   HTML13)    PDF(pc) (4537KB)(256)       Save

    In order to reveal and compare the microstructures of sandstone and shale reservoirs, and the fluid occurrences within different sizes of pores in the Fengcheng formation of the Mahu sag, the experiments including high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and large-view splicing SEM were conducted to quantitatively characterize the pore throat size and fluid occurrence characteristics of the two types of reservoirs. The NMR experimental results and the HPMI experimental results before and after extraction of the original samples and the pressurized oil-saturated sample were compared to reveal the distributions of bound and movable fluids within pores of different sizes. The results indicate that sandstone and shale do not differ significantly in the sizes of pores and throats, which are dominantly 0.01-10.00 μm in pore diameter and <10.00 nm in throat radius, respectively, indicative of mesopores and fine throats. Shale has slightly larger pore diameters but smaller throat radii than sandstone. Shale mainly develops tubular pores such as intercrystalline pores and honeycomb-like dissolution pores. Sandstone has an equal distribution of tubular and spherical pores, with the proportion of spherical pores such as intergranular pores and intergranular dissolution pores increasing as the pore size increases. Fluid occurrence and mobility are controlled by multiple factors such as mineral composition and pore size. The oil-wet properties of organic matter, dolomite and pyrite, and the strong capillary confinement of intergranular pores in clay minerals, reduce the mobility of shale oil, and the movable fluids are mainly distributed in mesopores-macropores with diameters greater than 300 nm. Combining the reservoir physical properties and movable fluid distribution, it is determined that the favorable shale oil block in the study area is the Ma 51X well block, both shale and sandstone in the well block are favorable targets for development.

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    Identification of Fluid in Highly Saline Tight Reservoirs of Fengcheng Formation in Maxi Slope Area
    MAO Rui, BAI Yu, WANG Pan, HUANG Zhiqiang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 279-285.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240304
    Abstract193)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (2125KB)(238)       Save

    The Permian Fengcheng formation in the Maxi slope area of the Junggar basin is characterized by highly saline tight reservoirs deposited in alkaline lakes, and the relationship between oil and water in these reservoirs is complicated, which leads to difficulties in fluid identification. A thermal neutron macroscopic capture cross-section of the highly saline formation was constructed by using lithoscanner logging data, and an oil-sensitive factor was constructed by using the difference between the thermal neutron macroscopic capture cross-section from logging and the thermal neutron macroscopic capture cross-section of the brine-saturated formation. Furthermore, a salinity-sensitive factor was constructed by using the ratio of chlorine element relative yield to total porosity. Then, a fluid identification chart was established by intersecting the oil-sensitive factor with the salinity-sensitive factor. The actual application shows that this fluid identification chart can accurately assess reservoir fluid properties and provide a basis for selecting formation test layers.

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    In-situ Stress Characteristics and Fracture Distribution Prediction of Different Segments in Shunbei No.4 Strike-Slip Fault Zone, Tarim Basin
    HUANG Chao, GUO Honghui, ZHANG Shenglong, ZHU Lintao, FENG Jianwei, DU He
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 1-12.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250101
    Abstract233)   HTML13)    PDF(pc) (4213KB)(237)       Save

    Based on the development background of the strike-slip fault zone in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin, the in-situ stress states, the fracture systems around faults, and the well productivity characteristics in different segments of the Shunbei No.4 strike-slip fault zone were analyzed by using geomechanical theories. According to the reservoir mechanical properties obtained through P-wave and S-wave logging and rock mechanics experiments, a 3D geomechanical model was constructed. Based on the elastoplastic theory, and by using the finite element numerical simulation method, the fracture development characteristics of the target layer controlled by the strike-slip faults were predicted. The research results show that the in-situ stress patterns vary across segments in the fault zone. The differences in structures of geological units control the in-situ stress distribution, and regions with high fracture density typically exhibit a strip-like distribution on both sides of the fault or between faults. High fracture density combined with Anderson-type Ⅰa and Ⅲ stress states is associated with wells exhibiting high yields. The in-situ stress conditions, fracture development characteristics, and key factors controlling high well productivity in different segments in the Shunbei strike-slip fault zone were clarified.

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    Multilayer Superimposition Patterns of Strike-Slip Fault Zones and Their Petroleum Geological Significance in Platform Area, Tarim Basin
    YANG Haijun, NENG Yuan, SHAO Longfei, XIE Zhou, KANG Pengfei, YUAN Jingyi, FU Yonghong
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 387-400.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240402
    Abstract210)   HTML16)    PDF(pc) (33226KB)(233)       Save

    In recent years, with the progress of oil and gas exploration in the Tarim basin, large-scale strike-slip fault systems have been discovered in the Paleozoic strata of the platform area in the basin and a new type of fault-karst reservoir has been identified. Due to multiple tectonic movements in the basin, these strike-slip faults exhibit multilayer structures featured with multiple phase superimposition. Based on high-quality 3D seismic data, drilling data, and petroleum geological data, the multilayer superimposition of large-scale strike-slip faults in the basin and its controls over hydrocarbon accumulation were investigated. The research results show that the strike-slip fault zones in the platform area of the Tarim basin primarily develop five structural layers in the Paleozoic: Lower Cambrian pre-salt structural layer, Middle Cambrian salt structural layer, Upper Cambrian-Middle Ordovician carbonate structural layer, Upper Ordovician-Carboniferous clastic structural layer, and Permian magmatite structural layer. Affected by multiple tectonic movements and strike-slip fault activities, these layers exhibit characteristics of banded spatial distribution, vertical superposition, and differential superimposition. The superimposition patterns can be broadly categorized into four types: connection, overlapping, inverse superimposition, and inverse reformation. These superimposition patterns have significant impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation, and three types of reservoirs such as TypeⅠ (Ordovician carbonate reservoirs), Type Ⅱ (Ordovician carbonate, Silurian clastic, and Permian magmatite reservoirs), and Type Ⅲ (Cambrian pre-salt dolomite reservoirs) are formed.

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    Genesis and Identification of Low Resistivity of Oil Layers in Badaowan Formation on Southern Slope of Zhongguai Bulge, Junggar Basin
    LI Fengling, FANG Xinxin, ZHANG Zhen, MA Sijie, LIU Rongjun
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 541-551.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240505
    Abstract238)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (4996KB)(213)       Save

    Compared to other low-resistivity oil layers, the low-resistivity oil layers in the Lower Jurassic Badaowan formation on the southern slope of the Zhongguai bulge in the Junggar basin are characterized by early hydrocarbon accumulation, deep burial, large grain size, and low mud content, showing a unique low-resistivity genesis. Based on a comprehensive analysis on the genetic mechanisms of typical low-resistivity oil layers globally, together with the data of drilling, logging, well testing, and core analysis in the study area, the main controlling factors of the low-resistivity oil layers in the Badaowan formation were investigated from various perspectives including tectonics, sedimentation, diagenesis, reservoir characteristics, and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions. It is found that low resistivity of the oil layers in the study area is jointly controlled by macroscopic and microscopic factors. In a macroscopic setting with low tectonic amplitude and weak hydrodynamic sedimentation, low oil-water differentiation degree, high formation water salinity, and low tuff debris content are the main controlling factors for low resistivity, while low saturation of bound water is a secondary controlling factor. Accordingly, a chart illustrating the relationship between formation resistivity and oil/gas indicator coefficient was established, which matches the formation/production testing data in the study area by 92.9%. The study results provide a basis for identifying low-resistivity oil layers in the Badaowan formation on the southern slope of the Zhongguai bulge.

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    Simultaneous CO2 Huff-n-Puff Test in Highly Sensitive Reservoirs in Upper Wuerhe Formation, Mahu Sag
    SONG Ping, CUI Chenguang, ZHANG Jigang, LIU Kai, DENG Zhenlong, TAN Long, YU Xike
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 355-361.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240313
    Abstract200)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (2185KB)(208)       Save

    In order to explore the post-fracturing EOR technologies for efficient development of highly sensitive tight conglomerate oil reservoirs in horizontal wells in the Mahu sag, a simultaneous CO2 huff-n-puff test was carried out in the Mahu 1 well block. The results show that simultaneous CO2 huff-n-puff can enhance oil recovery of highly sensitive tight conglomerate reservoirs, and its oil displacement mechanisms mainly include extraction, miscibility, competitive adsorption, and expansive displacement. Fracture communication is the main cause of gas channeling. Through field regulation and control, synchronous soaking of well groups and gas channeling wells was achieved, ensuring the field implementation effect. Soaked by fracturing fluid, the clay minerals in the tested well group hydrate and expand, causing pore throat blockage, which affects CO2 swept range and results in a low interim oil exchange ratio. The simultaneous CO2 huff-n-puff test achieved favorable stimulation effects, with an interim oil increment of 3,983 tons and an oil exchange ratio of 0.36 in the tested well group. This test provides technical ideas and field experience for horizontal wells in enhancing oil recovery of highly sensitive tight conglomerate reservoirs after fracturing.

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    Dynamic Model and Sensitivity Analysis of High-Pressure Water Injection for Capacity Expansion of Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs
    ZHANG Rujie, CHEN Lixin, YUE Ping, XIAO Yun, WANG Xia, LYU Yuan, YANG Wenming
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 460-469.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240410
    Abstract190)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (964KB)(206)       Save

    High-pressure water injection for capacity expansion is an effective method to enhance the recovery of fractured-vuggy reservoirs. However,the injection-production process during high-pressure water injection remains unclear. In this paper,three modes of high-pressure water injection for capacity expansion were proposed. Based on a dynamic model of high-pressure water injection for capacity expansion,the impacts of sensitivity parameters on the injection-production process during high-pressure water injection were simulated. The three modes of high-pressure water injection for capacity expansion were analyzed using actual wells drilled in the fractured-vuggy reservoirs in Halahatang oilfield. The high-pressure water injection for capacity expansion conforms to three modes:far-end low-energy,flow barrier,and near-end small reservoir. All three modes can realize effective production of far-end reservoirs to improve recovery efficiency. Flow barrier mode has the optimal EOR effect. The size of the near-end reservoir affects the time at which the water-injection indicator curve inflects,and the size of the far-end reservoir influences the difficulty degree of water injection after the water-injection indicator curve inflects. The fluid exchange index in the water injection process is greater than that in the production process,which indicates that the high-pressure water injection for capacity expansion is effective. The smaller the fracture closure pressure and stress sensitivity coefficient,the earlier the water-injection indicator curve inflects,and the higher the cumulative liquid production.

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    A Logging-Based Method for Calculating Water Saturation in Continental Shale Reservoirs: A Case Study of Lianggaoshan Formation in Fuxing Block, Southeastern Sichuan Basin
    CHENG Li, YAN Wei, LI Na
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 371-377.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240315
    Abstract203)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (717KB)(203)       Save

    Continental shale reservoirs are characterized by low porosity, ultra-low permeability, high clay mineral content, rapid mineral composition variation, and strong formation heterogeneity. Therefore, the water saturation calculated with Archie formula or conventional mathematical statistical models often introduces large errors. To improve the calculation accuracy of water saturation in continental shale reservoirs, taking the shale from Lower Jurassic Lianggaoshan formation in the Fuxing block of southeastern Sichuan basin as an example, the limitations of existing methods for calculating water saturation were analyzed, and the feasibility of applying the composite wave impedance reconstructed from the combination of P wave and S wave in array acoustic logging and logging density to calculate water saturation was demonstrated. Based on this analysis, a method for calculating water saturation in continental shale reservoirs was proposed. This method considers the influence of rock minerals and effectively avoids the limitations of electrical logging and non-electrical logging, and finally improving applicability. The application of this method has yielded favorable results in multiple wells in the shale reservoirs of Lianggaoshan formation, southeastern Sichuan basin, with calculated water saturation closely matching those from core analysis, and absolute errors ranging from 1.3% to 2.2%, meeting the requirements for well logging evaluation.

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    Microscopic Oil Mobility in Tight Conglomerate Reservoirs Under Different Development Modes, Mahu Sag
    WAN Tao, ZHANG Jing, DONG Yan
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 327-333.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240309
    Abstract248)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (2794KB)(189)       Save

    In order to evaluate the oil mobility in the tight sandy conglomerate reservoirs of the Triassic Baikouquan formation in the Mahu sag, the distribution characteristics of movable oil in typical rock samples from Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ reservoirs were compared through imbibition, centrifugation, and huff-n-puff tests. For the low-permeability conglomerate reservoirs in the Mahu sag, the imbibition oil recovery is related to the pore structure of the rock. The higher the proportion of small pores, the better the imbibition effect. After 144 hours of oil displacement by imbibition, the recovery rate can reach 30.9%, but the oil displacement process is slow, with low utilization of large pores. Under reservoir pressure of 40 MPa and reservoir temperature, during three cycles of CO2 huff-n-puff process, the recovery percent of each round increase, with the highest increase observed in the first cycle, reaching an oil exchange ratio of 27%. As the huff-n-puff cycle increases, the increment in recovery percent gradually decreases, and the oil exchange ratio of N2 huff-n-puff in the first cycle is 15%. Therefore, CO2 huff-n-puff has the best development effect.

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    Enhanced Recovery in Middle and Late Stages of Depletion Development of Condensate Gas Reservoirs With Oil Ring
    HUANG Zhaoting, LI Chuntao, WANG Bin, QIAO Xia, FU Ying, YAN Bingxu
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 470-474.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240411
    Abstract236)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (549KB)(186)       Save

    The depletion development of Y5 condensate gas reservoir in the Tarim basin encounters the challenges such as rapid decline in both reservoir pressure and well productivity, gradual decrease in produced gas-oil ratio, increase in condensate oil density and viscosity, and fast downgrading of development performance. Combining performance analysis and reservoir fluid component evaluation, the Y5 condensate gas reservoir was redefined as a layered condensate gas reservoir with oil ring and edge water and the thickness of the oil ring was determined through numerical simulation. To improve the development performance and enhance the condensate oil/gas recovery, a systematic investigation was conducted on the mechanism of enhanced recovery in the middle and late stages of depletion development of the condensate gas reservoir with oil ring. It is found that optimizing the well pattern and implementing cyclic gas injection can significantly improve oil and gas recovery. Gravity-assisted gas drive is recommended, with CO2 being the optimal injection medium, followed by reservoir gas. Based on reservoir type and enhanced recovery mechanism, a scheme of cyclic gas injection for enhancing the recovery of Y5 condensate gas reservoir was developed, with an expected oil recovery 29.96% higher than that of depletion development alone. Under this scheme, a cumulative gas volume of 0.19×108 m3 was injected, the reservoir pressure restored by 4.31 MPa, and the well productivity increased by 3.09 times compared to that before the scheme was implemented. The research results provide valuable reference for enhancing recovery in the middle and late development stages of similar reservoirs.

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    Fracture Characteristics and Seismic Prediction of Z4 Metamorphic Buried-Hill Reservoir
    DING Sheng, LIU Jinhua, SHANG Yamin, PENG Pai, FU Jinxiang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 516-521.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240502
    Abstract243)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (3488KB)(182)       Save

    Seismic prediction of fractures is the foundation of fractured reservoir evaluation. Metamorphic buried-hill reservoirs exhibit diverse fracture types, significant variations in fracture development at different reservoir parts, and difficulties in describing fracture heterogeneity. The Z4 metamorphic buried-hill reservoir was investigated for its fracture characteristics and seismic prediction. The development of fractures in the Z4 reservoir has layering characteristics and can be divided into four sections such as weathered-semi-filled fractures at the top, highly developed net-like fractures in the upper part, moderately developed low-angle fractures in the middle part, and poorly developed high-angle fractures at the bottom. A comprehensive fracture prediction technique was proposed, which integrates multi-scale general spectral decomposition, dip-oriented eigenvalue coherent processing, and iterative ant analysis. The fracture orientations and development revealed by cores were compared with the results of seismic prediction, suggesting a high consistency. It is believed that the multi-approach comprehensive fracture seismic prediction technology proposed in this study has high accuracy.

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    Application of Logging Data Wavelet Transform and Pseudo-Imaging to Fine Division of Deep Barrier/Interlayer
    SHAO Cairui, WANG Meng, CHANG Lunjie, WANG Kaiyu, ZHANG Fuming, WANG Chao
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 611-621.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240514
    Abstract182)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1474KB)(180)       Save

    Barrier/interlayer is a key factor that significantly affects fluid flow and controls the distribution of oil and water, and it serves as a crucial evidence for understanding the distribution of remaining oil. Barrier/interlayer in deep strata is difficult to identify due to the high coring cost, large depth error in logging data, low resolution of conventional logging curves, and ambiguous signals from thin interbeds. Through core analysis of key wells, the logging curves sensitive to barrier/interlayer and their response characteristics were identified. By employing wavelet decomposition and reconstruction, the conventional sensitive logging curves were processed with high resolution, which reduced the smoothing effect of adjacent layers and highlighted the logging response characteristics of thin layer interfaces, making thin layer identification resolution enhanced by nearly 100%. By integrating the vector pattern of formation dip and pseudo-imaging characteristics of barrier/interlayer, a method for identifying and dividing deep barrier/interlayer was established. Actual applications demonstrate that this method allows for precise identification of barrier/interlayer, with a much higher capability than conventional methods. This method yields an accuracy of layer correlation between wells increased by 38%, elucidating the issue of inclined oil-water contact and providing remaining oil distribution.

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    Shale Lithology Identification Based on Improved Random Forest Algorithm:A Case of Lucaogou Formation in Junggar Basin
    QIN Zhijun, CAO Yingchang, FENG Cheng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 595-603.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240512
    Abstract212)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (6023KB)(178)       Save

    In the application of reservoir lithology identification, the efficiency, accuracy and effective information integration ability of machine learning algorithm have been fully verified, especially in unconventional reservoirs with strong heterogeneity such as shale. Based on the optimal selection of parameters such as natural gamma, T2 geometric mean, structural index, skeleton density index, density, and deep lateral resistivity, and using a random forest algorithm combined with recursive feature elimination (RF-RFE), major lithologies of the shale reservoirs in the Middle Permian Lucaogou formation in the Junggar basin were identified. Lithology prediction was conducted on the same dataset using conventional RF and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms, and the results were compared with those obtained from thin-section identifications. It is found that RF-RFE yields better results with only half of the logging parameters, and the parameters defined by optimal selection help reduce the algorithm’s running time. Thus, the use of RF-RFE algorithm can realize optimal selection of characteristic logging parameters, more accurate identification of shale lithology, and reduction of running time. The algorithm provides a new approach for complex lithology identification and multi-parameter selection.

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    Imbibition Replacement Rules of Bedding Shale in Lucaogou Formation in Jimsar Sag,Junggar Basin
    TIAN Gang, ZHU Jian, PU Pingfan, XIA An, DONG Zhuo, WU Jiayi, WANG Fei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 346-354.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240312
    Abstract206)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1041KB)(178)       Save

    In order to investigate the production of crude oil during the imbibition period after hydraulic fracturing of the bedding shale in the Permian Lucaogou formation in the Jimsar sag, core imbibition replacement experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology were combined to quantitatively describe the relative content of crude oil in different pores. Cores from the upper sweet spot in Jimsar sag were used in the experiments to identify the impacts of gravity, anisotropy, gravity differentiation, and hydraulic fracture width on imbibition replacement and quantitative characterization was conducted. The results show that during the spontaneous imbibition process of bedding shale, gravity plays a dynamic role, and the recovery of top imbibition is higher than that of horizontal imbibition. Anisotropy has a significant impact on imbibition of bedding shale, with a larger imbibition displacement of fracturing fluid into parallel bedding and a shorter period to reach imbibition equilibrium compared to vertical bedding, and imbibition recovery of parallel bedding is higher than that of vertical bedding. Gravity differentiation means that during the imbibition at the bottom of the core, the crude oil is displaced by imbibition and stays on the surface of the core to form an oil film, which prevents the fracturing fluid from further entering the matrix, deteriorating the imbibition effect. The recovery of imbibition at the bottom differs by 14.12% from the recovery of imbibition at the top. Given a simulated hydraulic fracture width of 2 mm, the volume of liquid involved in imbibition replacement is limited, causing a rapid decline of water saturation within the simulated fracture, which restricts further imbibition. Therefore, the fracture height should be oriented to pass through parallel bedding, so that the fracture width and the stimulated reservoir volume can be increased.

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    Research on Expansion Patterns of SAGD Steam Chambers Based on Time-Lapse Microgravity Monitoring Technology
    ZHENG Aiping, LIU Huan, HUANG Houchuan, ZHAO Jinghan, YANG Dengjie, MA Jianqiang, LI Xuan
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 680-686.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240606
    Abstract194)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1960KB)(170)       Save

    To reveal expansion pattern of steam chambers in heavy oil reservoirs during steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), the time-lapse microgravity monitoring technology was employed to investigate the expansion pattern of SAGD steam chambers in the heavy oil reservoirs of the Jurassic Qigu formation in the H well block of the Xinjiang oilfield. This technology provided residual gravity anomaly data reflecting the remaining density of the reservoir. Using these data, a 3D least-squares inversion was performed to accurately depict the vertical distribution of the steam chambers. Furthermore, a method for interpreting the relationship between the steam chamber expansion pattern and residual gravity anomalies was proposed. The results indicate that the evolution of the steam chambers can be divided into three stages: rising, lateral expansion, and downward expansion. The proposed method can effectively explain the expansion patterns of the steam chambers in five well groups in the H well block, and its accuracy and reliability were validated with well temperature data. The method reveals the expansion patterns of the SAGD steam chambers in the reservoirs, providing a technical support for the efficient development of heavy oil reservoirs and aiding in the optimization of production control measures. It also offers a theoretical and practical foundation for similar reservoir development.

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    Influences of Low-Temperature Oxidation on Oil Recovery During Oxygen-Reduced Air Flooding in Guo-8 Block of Yuguo Oilfield
    XIAO Zhipeng, ZHANG Yanbin, LI Qihang, LI Yiqiang, HAN Jifan, YAN Qian, WU Yong’en
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 334-339.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240310
    Abstract237)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (964KB)(169)       Save

    Oxygen-reduced air injection is an effective technique for developing low-permeability oil reservoirs. Under reservoir conditions, oxygen-reduced air can undergo low-temperature oxidation reaction with crude oil, thereby enhancing oil recovery. Regarding the inadequate understanding of the mechanism underlying the oxygen-reduced air flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the Guo-8 block of the Yuguo oilfield, isothermal oxidation experiments and long-core displacement experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of oil oxidation process and generated substances on EOR. The results of the isothermal oxidation experiments indicate that sedimentary substances are generated during the low-temperature oxidation process of light oil. With the increase of temperature, the degree of oxidation significantly increases, with the sedimentation of heavy components reaching 1.25×10-3 g/g at 89°C, 3.43×10-3 g/g at 100°C, and 5.02×10-3 g/g at 120 ℃. The results of the long-core displacement experiments demonstrate that the sedimentation of heavy components at different oxidation temperatures affects EOR. With temperature increasing, the timing of gas channeling delays, the sweeping effect improves, and the final recovery increases to 52.77%, 58.89%, and 65.23% at temperatures of 89°C, 100°C, and 120°C, respectively.

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    Research and Application of a New Method for Dynamic Diagnosis of Gas-Cap Reservoirs
    WU Ruidong, WANG Rui, MA Lian, ZHANG Chunguang, SONG Gangxiang, SHI Meixue, LU Ying
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 574-580.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240509
    Abstract209)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (1046KB)(162)       Save

    During the development of gas-cap reservoirs, crude oil, dissolved gas, gas-cap gas, condensate oil, and formation water may be produced simultaneously. Accurately calculating formation pressure and recovery percent of each phase is crucial for dynamic diagnosis and potential tapping of remaining oil and gas in such reservoirs. Current methods for calculating formation pressure fail to take water invasion into consideration, leading to uncertainty in production splitting, which increases the risks in subsequent adjustment and potential tapping. Through water influx fitting and Newton iteration methods, a new method for dynamic diagnosis of gas-cap reservoirs based on water invasion characteristic analysis and average formation pressure prediction was established. The application of this method in the Y3 gas-cap reservoir in the M oilfield indicates that crude oil and condensate oil account for 89.7% and 10.3% in the produced oil, respectively, and the produced gas contains 97.9% gas-cap gas and only 2.1% dissolved gas. The recovery efficiency of gas-cap gas and condensate oil is as high as 46.6% and 31.2%, respectively, while the recovery efficiency of crude oil and dissolved gas is merely 12.1% and 1.7%, respectively. These results are consistent with production test results.

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    Development Status of Logging-Based Lithology Identification Technology for Shale Formations
    CHEN Xiujuan, FENG Zhentao, ZENG Furong, HU Jianbo, XU Song
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 742-752.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240614
    Abstract209)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1009KB)(160)       Save

    Shale reservoirs contribute the most promising unconventional oil and gas resources in China and have become a hotspot in unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. Shale formations in China are mostly continental, with varying lithologies, diverse minerals, poor physical properties, strong heterogeneity, and poor continuity. These characteristics make it difficult to accurately identify lithology only using conventional logging interpretation methods, which in turn hinders the effective characterization of shale reservoirs and severely constrains reserves estimation and oil/gas development activities. In order to effectively identify the lithology of shale formations, the logging-based lithology identification technologies at home and abroad were systematically reviewed, and the lithology identification technologies based on logging interpretation and logging techniques were introduced. The logging lithology identification technologies based on machine learning were dissected in respect to their principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applicability. Finally, the prospects of logging-based lithology identification technologies for shale formations were proposed.

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    Structural Deformation and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Characteristics of Baxigai Formation in Awat Area, Kuqa Depression
    WANG Yingying, GUI Lili, LU Xuesong, LIU Huichuan, MO Tao, ZHOU Hui, JIANG Lin
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 631-641.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240601
    Abstract251)   HTML25)    PDF(pc) (7831KB)(159)       Save

    The structural deformation in the foreland thrust belt of the Kuqa depression mainly occurred during the middle-late Himalayan orogeny. Previous studies primarily identified the initiation timing of shallow postsalt fold deformation, but had no absolute dating constraints on the subsalt thrust deformation and the timing of hydrocarbon accumulation. Taking the Awat area in the Kuqa depression as an example, using the data from petrographic observations, calcite U-Pb dating, and fluid inclusion analysis, the diagenesis, formation timing of calcite veins, and hydrocarbon accumulation process of the Lower Cretaceous Baxigai formation reservoirs were investigated, and the timing of structural deformation and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Awat area was determined. The research results show that two periods of calcite were developed in the Baxigai formation in the Awat area. The early calcite cement formed at (98.0±14.0) Ma, while the late calcite veins formed at (3.7±1.0) Ma, reflecting the time of subsalt thrust deformation. Oil inclusions and gas inclusions of different periods were identified in the calcite veins. Based on the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions, burial history and thermal history, it is inferred that the oil charging occurred at 4.0-3.0 Ma, and gas charging at 3.0-1.0 Ma. The early oil reservoir underwent reworking of gas washing in the late Pliocene, forming the current condensate gas reservoir.

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    Interphase Mass Transfer in the Petroleum System During CCUS-EOR Process
    SU Jinchang, LIU Bin, LI Ruguang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 590-594.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240511
    Abstract200)   HTML1)    PDF(pc) (524KB)(158)       Save

    CO2 flooding is a technique that utilizes CO2 to enhance oil recovery (CCUS-EOR), and an effective means to reduce carbon emissions. To understand the interphase mass transfer in the petroleum system during CCUS-EOR, CO2/dry gas contact experiments were conducted to elucidate the changes in components of the petroleum system during the initial contact conditions at different pressures. The results indicate that during the initial contact between CO2 and oil, the interphase mass transfer for volatile and non-volatile components occurs through evaporative extraction, while the interphase mass transfer for intermediate components occurs through dissolution diffusion, which is stronger than evaporative extraction. As pressure increases, the volatile components show enhanced evaporative extraction, the non-volatile components reflect diminished evaporative extraction, and the intermediate components exhibit augmented dissolution diffusion. At relatively low pressure in the initial stage of gas injection, the interphase mass transfer of the petroleum system is dominated by evaporative extraction. As pressure increases, the mechanism of interphase mass transfer for volatile components shifts to dissolution diffusion. During the initial contact process between dry gas and oil, the interphase mass transfer for intermediate and non-volatile components is dominantly evaporative extraction. CO2 is more capable of evaporative extraction than dry gas.

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    Segmentation of Strike-Slip Faults and Its Controls on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Tarim Basin: A Case Study of F17 Strike-Slip Fault Zone
    XIONG Chang, SHEN Chunguang, ZHAO Xingxing, ZHAO Longfei, LI Shengqian, ZHOU Jie, PAN Tiancou
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 417-424.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240405
    Abstract206)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (7182KB)(150)       Save

    In the Ordovician carbonate rocks in the Tarim basin, there are extra-large oil and gas oilfields controlled by strike-slip faults. However, the distributions of carbonate reservoirs and hydrocarbons along the fault zones is extraordinarily complex, posing challenges for well deployment and efficient petroleum development. Taking the F17 hydrocarbon-rich strike-slip fault zone as an example, a fine structural analysis was conducted by using high-resolution seismic data. Coupling with core, logging and production data, the reservoir distribution and its controls on hydrocarbon accumulation were investigated. The results show that the F17 strike-slip fault zone can be divided into five segments from south to north: parallel en echelon segment, linear segment, superimposed segment, oblique superimposed segment, and horse-tail segment. The distribution, scale, and type of strike-slip faults govern the reservoir distribution and development. From the parallel en echelon segment to the oblique superimposed segment, the fault development intensifies, resulting in larger and more interconnected reservoirs. Conversely, the horse-tail segment in the north features reservoirs distributed along branch faults with poor connectivity. The fault-controlled hydrocarbon reservoirs in the F17 strike-slip fault zone can be classified into four types: linear fixed-volume, connected superimposed, superimposed fault-block, and tail-end dispersed. The type and scale of strike-slip faults control the reservoir types and hydrocarbon enrichment levels, necessitating targeted drilling strategies for different fault-controlled reservoir types.

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    Identification and Modeling of Micro-Minor Fractures in Thin Biolimestones in Wangxuzhuang Oilfield
    LI Yunpeng, LIN Xuechun, YU Xingchen, KANG Zhihong, LI Peijing, WANG Yajing, QI Aiping
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 671-679.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240605
    Abstract167)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (5000KB)(147)       Save

    Micro-minor fractures represent a key type of reservoir space in the thin biolimestones of the Shahejie formation in the Wangxuzhuang oilfield. Due to the lack of effective measurement methods and characterization techniques, it is challenging to understand these fractures, thereby hindering accurate prediction of fluid flow capacity during oil and gas development. By integrating the data of core samples, thin sections, CT scanning, formation micro-resistivity imaging (FMI) logging, and conventional logging, the development of micro-minor fractures was investigated. With a PSO-BP neural network, the fracture development and distribution in the fractured reservoirs of the study area were predicted. Then a discrete fracture network modeling approach was proposed to simulate the spatial distribution of these fractures. The results show that the biolimestone with developed micro-minor fractures exhibits significant amplitude differences between shallow and deep lateral resistivity readings. Micro-minor fractures are well developed in the biolimestones in the study area, which play a crucial role in improving reservoir physical properties and waterflood response directions. These fractures are controlled by fault zones and sedimentary microfacies of the biolimestone. Numerical simulation confirms that the dual-porosity dual-permeability model incorporating micro-minor fractures can provide a better fit for the dynamic behavior of oil-water relations.

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    Configuration Pattern of Combined Conventional Mercury Intrusion-Constant Rate Mercury Intrusion Curves and Its Indicative Significance
    DAI Jinyou, LEI Xizhen, PI Sha, SHEN Xiaoshu, CHEN Daixin
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 735-741.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240613
    Abstract219)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (597KB)(144)       Save

    Based on the configuration theory and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the configuration shapes of the combined conventional mercury intrusion-constant rate mercury intrusion (CMI-CRMI) curves were classified, and a universal three-segment configuration pattern for the curves was established. The indicative significance of this pattern to the pore-throat systems and their wetting hysteresis was clarified. The results show that the combined CMI-CRMI curves consist of three configuration segments: a, b, and c, which are interconnected but exhibit distinct shapes. The segment a displays an overlapping shape, indicative of a macro-pore-throat system, where the combined CMI-CRMI curve shows no wetting hysteresis. The segment b demonstrates a separated shape and can be subdivided into subsegments b1 and b2. Subsegment b1 indicates a meso-pore-throat system, where the CRMI intrusion curve shows no wetting hysteresis, but the CMI curve does. Subsegment b2 also indicates a meso-pore-throat system, where the combined CMI-CRMI curve shows wetting hysteresis. The segment c exhibits an overlapping shape, representing a micro-pore-throat system, where both the CMI and CRMI curves exhibit equal wetting hysteresis. The deformation of the mercury meniscus during CMI is concentrated in the segments b and c, while the deformation of the mercury meniscus during CRMI is concentrated in the segments b2 and c. Subsegment b1 in both the CMI and CRMI curves can be used for contact angle correction. This three-segment configuration pattern of the combined CMI-CRMI curves provides a significant guidance for segmental contact angle correction and pore-throat distribution characterization.

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    Development Parameters of Chang 6 Reservoir in Shuanghexi Block of Yanchang Oilfield, Ordos Basin
    CHEN Junjun, YANG Xingli, XIN Yichao, LIU Zhaoyang, TONG Bowen
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 552-559.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240506
    Abstract242)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (794KB)(140)       Save

    The Chang 6 reservoir in the Shuanghexi block of Yanchang oilfield in the Ordos basin is characterized by low permeability. Conventional calculation methods for development indices are not conducive to geological research, policy formulation and cost control for oilfield development. The production decline patterns, producing degree of reserves by water flooding, injection-production ratio, water cut, injected water utilization, and recovery of the Chang 6 reservoir were analyzed. The results show that the production of the Chang 6 reservoir follows a hyperbolic decline pattern. The block has significant potential for water injection development, with the current control degree and producing degree of reserves by water flooding at 74.54% and 36.94%, respectively, and an injection-production connection rate of 27.27%. The optimal injection-production ratio is approximately 2.5. As the recovery efficiency increases, the water cut rises rapidly at the first and then slows down. Based on the water retention rate, water consumption index, and water flooding index, it is evident that in the late stage of development, the water injection effectiveness improves, leading to an increase in ultimate recovery. During the development process, the water cut rise rate should ideally be kept below 6.1%, and the reasonable formation pressure should be maintained above 9.1 MPa. Under these conditions, the final recovery in the study area is approximately 23%.

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    Ordovician Differential Deformation Mechanism of Northern Section of F17 Strike-Slip Fault, Tarim Basin
    CAI Zhenzhong, LI Bing, LUO Xiao, LI Huiyuan, LI Mengqin, LI Zhengyang, WANG Qinghong
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 401-408.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240403
    Abstract177)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (7545KB)(140)       Save

    To understand the role of strike-slip faults in hydrocarbon accumulation in carbonate reservoirs, based on 3D seismic data, the development characteristics and tectonic deformation processes of the northern section of the F17 strike-slip fault in the Tarim basin were analyzed, and a sandbox physical simulation was performed on the formation and evolution of strike-slip faults by using geological modeling. The F17 strike-slip fault is divided into two sections. The southern section, nearly NE-SW trending, is characterized by en echelon faults, with the Yijianfang formation showing a uplifting feature and significant vertical deformation during the Ordovician period. The northern section, nearly NNE-SSW trending, is dominated by linear strike-slip faults, with the Yijianfang formation exhibiting weak deformation and slight subsidence in local areas during the Ordovician period. Sandbox physical simulation results show that a series of uplift zones formed along the main displacement zone of linear strike-slip faults, while the deflected strike-slip faults formed a series of uplift zones in the southern section and presented strata subsidence in the northern section. Under identical stress conditions, differences in the initial strikes of strike-slip faults lead to the changes in the stress put on the faults, thereby influencing their evolution processes. The southern section of the F17 strike-slip fault is found with more concentrated stress in compressional uplift zone and more developed fractures and vugs locally, containing richer hydrocarbons. The southern section is expected to be superior in exploration to the northern section.

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    Grading Evaluation of Jurassic Ultra-Deep Tight Sandstone Reservoirs in Yongjin-Zhengshacun Area, Junggar Basin
    WANG Chunwei, YANG Jun, ZHAO Dongrui, DU Huanfu, SUN Xin, WANG Yelei, MENG Fanghua
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 48-56.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250106
    Abstract143)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (5722KB)(138)       Save

    The Jurassic ultra-deep sandstone reservoirs in the Yongjin-Zhengshacun area of the Junggar Basin are tight and heterogeneous, and the standards for evaluating these reservoirs and the favorable reservoir distribution are unclear, restricting oil and gas exploration and development. Based on well logging, coring, and testing data, and by using mineral analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), capillary pressure experiments, and core displacement tests, a study was conducted on the pore structure of the Jurassic reservoirs. The lower limit of movable pore radius was determined, and a grading evaluation standard was established with movable fluid porosity as the key indicator. The results show that the reservoir space in the medium- to fine-grained lithic and feldspathic sandstones is composed of intergranular pores, secondary dissolution pores, and microfractures, with small pore radii ranging from 0.005 to 5.000 μm. After calibrating the experimental capillary pressure curves, the lower limit of movable pore radius was determined as 0.100 μm through the NMR T2 spectrum at different displacement states, and then the movable fluid porosity of oil-bearing rocks was clarified. By comprehensively considering the lithoelectric characteristics, pore type and structure, and oil-bearing property, and combining the productivity characteristics of typical wells, a grading reservoir evaluation standard for the study area was established. Based on the standard the reservoirs were classified into Class Ⅰ, Class Ⅱ, and Class Ⅲ. The evaluation provides a basis for subsequent oil and gas field development and well deployment, and offers valuable insights for the exploration and development of ultra-deep tight oil reservoirs in the study area and for reservoir evaluation in neighboring areas.

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    Multi-Scale and Multi-Constraint Geological Modeling of Fault-Controlled Karst Reservoirs
    LI Jikang, ZENG Qingyong, GUO Chen, LI Qing, ZHU Lele
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 719-724.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240611
    Abstract186)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (4324KB)(136)       Save

    Fault-controlled karst fractured-vuggy reservoirs that are characterized by well-developed fault systems exhibit complex reservoir spaces with significant discreteness and heterogeneity, posing great challenges to fault system modeling and description. Guided by the developmental and genetic patterns of fault-controlled karst reservoirs, a multi-scale and multi-constraint geological model of fault-controlled karst reservoir was established. Depending on the genesis of fault-controlled karst, the development of these reservoirs was divided into four stages (Ⅰ-Ⅳ). Based on the reservoir model of Stage Ⅳ, the fault-controlled karst reservoirs were divided into karst cave facies, dissolution pore facies, and dissolution fracture facies. A fracture development probability cube was constructed with multiple constraints which include ant weight sampling, fault displacement model, and fracture parameter characterization, and two groups of small-scale fractures of NW-SE and NE-SW trending were generated by applying a goal-oriented simulation algorithm. A fracture model of fault-controlled karst was established to reflect the development characteristics of the fractures in fault-controlled karst to the greatest extent, for reducing the uncertainty in fracture prediction. Thus, a new method for predicting fractures in fault-controlled karst reservoirs was formed. The reliability of the proposed model has been validated by the application in two wells, which may support subsequent development research.

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    Geological Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration of Shiqiantan Formation in Shiqiantan Sag, Junggar Basin
    HE Changsong, WANG Bingqian, WEI Shuangbao, PU Zhenshan, WANG Lilong, MA Qiang, ZHANG Wei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 642-649.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240602
    Abstract211)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (3399KB)(136)       Save

    Well S3 drilled in the gentle slope zone of the eastern Shiqiantan sag in the east uplift of the Junggar basin, has produced a high-yield industrial gas flow from the Carboniferous Shiqiantan formation. This significant breakthrough in natural gas exploration in the Shiqiantan formation further confirms the presence of a marine clastic-rock sag rich in natural gas in the eastern Junggar basin. To better understand the geological characteristics and petroleum exploration potential of the Shiqiantan formation in the Shiqiantan sag, a comprehensive study of source rocks, reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation was conducted using seismic, drilling, logging, core, and testing data. The Shiqiantan formation in the study area contains two sets of source rocks, which are generally thick and of high quality, providing a solid material basis for large-scale gas reservoir development. The reservoirs in the Shiqiantan formation are typically composed of tight sandy conglomerate in which a fan delta system with bidirectional provenances in the south and north is found. Large scale delta-front sand bodies are mainly distributed in the slope zone around the sag. The Shiqiantan formation hosts near-source tight lithological sandstone gas reservoirs, making it the key target for gas exploration in the Carboniferous of the Shiqiantan sag. It has favorable source-reservoir assemblages jointly controlled by proximity to the source and sand body size.

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    Microscale Salt Tolerance and Profile Control of CO2 Foam in High-Salinity, Low-Permeability Reservoirs
    WEI Hongkun, WANG Jian, WANG Danling, LU Yuhao, ZHOU Yaqin, ZHAO Peng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 703-710.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240609
    Abstract173)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (1786KB)(135)       Save

    Regarding gas channeling during CO2 flooding in high-salinity, low-permeability reservoirs, taking the H3 block of Changqing oilfield as an example, an enhanced CO2 foam system with SiO2 nano-particales was constructed to evaluate its salt tolerance with respect to foam rheology, gas-liquid interfacial tension, liquid film thickness and permeability, and foam microstructure. A parallel core displacement experiment was conducted for the foam system to assess its profile control performance. Based on the experimental results, a foam system of 0.20%(OW-1)+0.30%(OW-4)+0.05%(SiO2) was developed under reservoir conditions, achieving a comprehensive index of 36,834 mL·min. The microscale salt tolerance evaluation indicates that, as compared with the foaming agents prepared at salinity of 46,357 mg/L and 500 mg/L, the developed foam system exhibits better rheological properties. The gas-liquid interfacial tension increased by only 1 mN/m at 10 MPa, and the liquid film permeability was improved by 0.14 cm/s. However, the foam system still maintains a robust skeletal structure. Thus, it is demonstrated with excellent salt tolerance at the microscale. Furthermore, for parallel cores with the permeability ratio of 15.55, the developed SiO2 nanoparticle-enhanced CO2 foam system improves the core profile by 97.28%, suggesting a remarkable enhancement in oil recovery, and demonstrating a good profile control performance.

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    Differential Controls of Strike-Slip Faults of Different Orders on Carbonate Reservoirs
    DU Zhongyuan, LI Xiangwen, LI Qinglin, SUN Chong, LI Mohan, ZHANG Guanqing, DAN Guangjian
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 425-431.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240406
    Abstract179)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (8025KB)(134)       Save

    Differential spatial structures of the fault-controlled karst reservoirs constrain the efficient development of these reservoirs. The pore structure has been substantially studied for high-order strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs, but rarely for low-order strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs. Taking the Fuman oilfield in the northern depression of the Tarim basin as an example, different orders of strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs were analyzed from the aspects of stress, depositional environment, and lithology, to compare their genesis and differences of pore structure, and the origins and exploration potentials of low-order strike-slip faults were examined. It is found that high-order strike-slip faults underwest strong faulting, resulting in an inverted triangular fracture pattern in the reservoir, with a decreasing scale from top to bottom. In contrast, low-order strike-slip faults experienced relatively weaker tectonic stress, leading to a normal triangular fracture pattern in the reservoir, with an increasing scale from top to bottom. The fracturing scale induced by low-order strike-slip faults is limited; however, a densely developed fracture network can lead to extensive reservoir fracturing. The primary factors influencing reservoir development are the depositional environment and lithology. The deep-seated low-order strike-slip faults in the Fuman oilfield can be divided into three zones from west to east, showing significant exploration potential.

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    Production Decline Analysis for Multi-Layer Commingled Production Wells in Tight Gas Reservoirs
    LIU Jie, WEI Keying, LI Ning, YANG Yingzhou, HAO Junhui, LI Linqing, SHI Wenyang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 340-345.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240311
    Abstract206)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (733KB)(133)       Save

    Main pay zones of tight gas reservoirs are usually multiple layers of stacked channel sandbodies. Commingled production of these layers is commonly challenged by unclear contribution from each layer and undefined boundaries of sandbodies. Considering the morphological characteristics and different boundary sizes of channel sandbodies in the layers, and according to the principle of equivalent flow volume, a model of multi-layer commingled production well in tight gas reservoir was established. Then, based on the theory of modern production decline analysis, a method for determining the boundaries of channel sandbodies in tight gas reservoirs was proposed, and the production decline analysis charts for multi-layer commingled production wells were plotted. Finally, the production decline was discussed by boundary size, amount, and position of channel sandbodies, and the impacts of multi-layer channel sandbodies on production decline were clarified. The study shows that the production deline of multi-layer commingled production wells in tight gas reservoirs exhibits five stages. In the middle unsteady flow stage, it is possible to diagnose whether the boundary sizes of the sandbodies in each layer are equal. The smaller the range of channel sandbodies, the fewer the wide sandbodies, the smaller the proportion of wide sandbody, the poorer the stable productivity of the reservoir, and the more likely the increase in production decline rate occurs in the early and middle unsteady flow stages. The established method of production decline analysis provides a basis for evaluating the producing degree of each layer and determining reservoir stimulation treatments.

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    Exploration Breakthrough and New Insights of Baijiantan Formation in Mahu Sag and Its Periphery
    BIAN Baoli, SU Dongxu, JIANG Wenlong, WANG Xueyong, PAN Jin, LIU Longsong, JIANG Zhongfa
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 296-305.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240306
    Abstract235)   HTML13)    PDF(pc) (22055KB)(129)       Save

    In order to clarify sandbody distribution patterns and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Baijiantan formation in the Mahu sag, Junggar basin, and evaluate its hydrocarbon exploration prospects, the drilling, logging, seismic and experimental data were comprehensively analyzed to understand the sedimentary patterns and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of the second member of the Baijiantan formation (Bai-2 member). It is found that the Bai-2 member represents a braided-river delta-beach bar-turbidite fan sedimentary sequence, with three types of sandbodies of underwater distributary channel, beach bar and turbidite fan. Channel sandbodies are dominant in braided-river delta front; beach bar sandbodies are developed in shore-shallow lake; controlled by slope breaks, multiple turbidite fans are developed in deep lake to semi-deep lake, with turbidite fan sandbodies distributed in a lobate pattern. Thus, a sedimentary pattern of underwater distributary channel-beach bar-turbidite fan was established. Nine major strike-slip fault systems are found in the study area. Among them, three types of fault combinations such as through-type, associated-type, and relay-type strike-slip faults effectively connect the Permian Fengcheng formation source rocks and serve as efficient vertical pathways for hydrocarbon migration. The Bai-2 member follows a hydrocarbon accumulation model characterized by strike-slip faults connecting source rocks, fault-sandbody configuration controlling reservoir, and hydrocarbon enrichment in high-quality reservoirs.

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    Genesis of Dolomite and Its Controls on Reservoir Spaces in Lower Yingshan Formation-Penglaiba Formation, Northern Tarim Basin
    TIAN Jiaqi, LI Guorong, LIU Yongli, LI Xiaoxiao, HE Zhao, HE Sai
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (3): 306-316.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240307
    Abstract222)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (20251KB)(127)       Save

    To determine the genesis of dolomite in the lower Yingshan formation-Penglaiba formation of the Middle-Lower Ordovician in northern Tarim basin, this paper investigates the dolomitization in the target interval through the observations of core samples and thin sections and the analysis of cathodoluminescence, X-ray diffraction order degree, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, strontium isotopes, and rare earth element compositions and partition patterns, and by combining petrological characteristics with geochemical characteristics. The results show that silty to microcrystalline dolomites and silty to fine-grained anhedral dolomites were formed from syndepositional dolomitization in high-salinity seawater which was primarily originated from the seawater under low-temperature surface evaporation; silty to fine-grained euhedral dolomites were formed from shallow-burial dolomitization in early diagenetic period, with fluids sourced from Ordovician seawater and an increasing temperature with the increase of burial depth; and saddle-like dolomites were formed from hydrothermal dolomitization in early diagenetic period, with fluids sourced from Ordovician seawater as well as later deep-seated magmatic hydrothermal fluid. Reservoir spaces can’t generate from syndepositional high-salinity seawater dolomitization, but may be formed after the dissolution of the precipitated gypsum due to regional constraints and intense evaporation. Eeuhedral dolomite can form under early diagenetic shallow-burial dolomitization, which promotes the development of intercrystalline pores where dissolution fluid may easily enter in late diagenetic stage, forming intercrystalline dissolution pores and dissolved pores. Early diagenetic hydrothermal dolomitization is unfavorable for the formation of reservoir spaces.

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    Types and Distribution of Grain Shoals in Yijianfang Formation of Fuman Area, Tarim Basin
    ZHU Yongfeng, ZHANG Yanqiu, YANG Xinying, YANG Guang, PENG Debing, HAN Yu, WANG Zhenyu
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 432-441.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240407
    Abstract211)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (11635KB)(126)       Save

    To clarify the types and distribution of grain shoals in the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang formation in the Fuman area of the Tarim basin, the sedimentary facies and distribution were studied using the core, rock thin section, carbon isotope, logging, and seismic data. The sedimentary facies of the Yijianfang formation in the study area can be categorized into slope-basin, platform margin, and open platform, with the latter two being the principal zones for grain shoal development. The grain shoals which include psammitic shoal, oolitic shoal, bioclastic shoal, and transitional types, generally account for over 80% of the formation thickness, or even over 90% in some well blocks. The distribution of these shallow grain shoals are primarily under the control of sedimentation processes represented by lateral migration in the setting of rapid marine transgression and gradual marine regression. The psammitic shoals and bioclastic-psammitic shoals extensively distributed in the open platform indicates excellent reservoir quality, and they will be significant targets for future petroleum exploration.

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    Determination of Limit Water Cut of Technically Recoverable Reserves Calibrated by Water Drive Curve
    LIAN Jianwen, WANG Yaozong, YANG Jiguang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 687-695.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240607
    Abstract161)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (883KB)(125)       Save

    Water drive curve method is one of the important methods in dynamically calibrating recoverable reserves. This is a forward estimation method for water flooding reservoir without major adjustment measures and changing development modes, and with basically steady water flooding status. Setting the limit water cut at 0.98 lacks a solid scientific basis. Since the water drive characteristics vary significantly among different reservoirs, it is essential to select a water drive curve that best aligns with the reservoir’s actual behavior from the four water drive characteristic curves, rather than choosing the one with the lowest technically recoverable reserves, which will lead to weak reliability of calibration. Therefore, the four water drive characteristic curves and the production decline method were inverted and optimized for joint elimination, and a new relationship between water/liquid-oil ratio and production decline was established. This can determine the limit water cut and also ensure the uniqueness of the recoverable reserves calibrated by dynamic methods.

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    Shale Reservoir Brittleness and Its Evaluation Method
    ZHAI Yong, GUO Yaning, DING Yi, LI Yishan, CUI Yinuo, LI Bin, LIU Xiangjun
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 22-28.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250103
    Abstract157)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (1823KB)(124)       Save

    Shale oil and gas resources are abundant in China, and hydraulic fracturing to stimulate reservoir is a significant way to efficiently develop these resources. Brittleness is a key parameter for reservoir stimulation and a core indicator for identifying engineering sweet spots. Taking the shale reservoir in the Dongying sag as an example, the rock mechanical properties and brittleness characteristics of the shale reservoir were analyzed through uniaxial, triaxial, and high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) compressive tests. Based on the rock energy balance theory and brittleness characteristics, as well as the energy evolution behaviors before and after rock failure, a new method for evaluating shale brittleness was proposed. The research results show that under uniaxial conditions, the shale exhibits significant brittle failure with multiple cracks, which is beneficial for reservoir stimulation. In HTHP conditions, the synergistic effect of temperature and confining pressure suppresses rock brittle fracture but strengthens rock ductility, leading to a significant reduction in brittleness. Based on the proposed brittleness evaluation method, the primary factors controlling shale brittleness were identified. It is found that the rock physical parameters (porosity, density, and acoustic travel time) is weakly correlated with brittleness, while mineral composition and elastic parameters are more effective in assessing brittleness. The effects of temperature and pressure cannot be ignored. The research results are conductive to identifying engineering sweet spots in shale reservoirs and provide a theoretical foundation for efficient reservoir stimulation.

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    Lower Limits of Physical and Electrical Properties of Low to Ultra-Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs
    HU Xiangyang, WU Jian, YANG Dong, ZHANG Heng, TAN Wei, YUAN Wei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 29-38.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250104
    Abstract122)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (3825KB)(123)       Save

    The low to ultra-low permeability reservoirs in the DF A and WC X/Y blocks, western South China Sea, are characterized by complex microscopic structures, making it difficult to understand the lower limits of reservoir physical and electrical properties. Through core single-phase displacement experiments under various pressure differences, and core capillary pressure-lithoelectric experiments at high temperature and high pressure, the lower limits of porosity, permeability, saturation, and resistivity of these low to ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs were examined. On this basis, the variations of the lower limits of these reservoir properties were discussed. The results show that the cores obtained from the gas reservoirs in the DF A block have the physical properties which are positively correlated with gas flow rate, and the cores from the ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs in the WC X/Y block exhibit very low gas flow rate, which couldn’t be improved significantly as the pressure difference was increased. In the presence of irreducible water, as the differential pressure for production increased, the lower limits of porosity and permeability of cores from both blocks declined gradually. As the physical properties of the reservoirs improved, the upper limit of water saturation became lower. As the reservoir physical properties improve, the cores from the DF A block demonstrated an increasing lower limit of resistivity, while the cores from the WC X/Y block reflected a decreasing lower limit. It is supposed that the reason should be attributed to different pore structures and fluid occurrence states of the reservoirs.

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    OVT-Domain Wide-Azimuth Seismic Forward Modeling of Glutenites in Dongying Sag
    LOU Fengqin, YU Jingqiang, ZHANG Yunyin, LIU Haining, WU Mingrong, GUO Zhiyang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 622-628.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240515
    Abstract253)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (7909KB)(123)       Save

    Considering the varying lithofacies and lithology of the proximal glutenites in the Dongying sag,a three-dimensional geological model of the glutenites was established for wide-azimuth seismic forward modeling. Using the simulated data cube,and through azimuthal stacking of gathers in OVT-domain,the effects of azimuth variation on parameters such as seismic travel time and amplitude were analyzed,and the relationships between azimuth/amplitude and favorable reservoirs were established. The results show that the variation in the sedimentary direction of the glutenites causes azimuth differences in seismic wave propagation,leading to azimuthal anisotropy in seismic reflections. The data cube obtained from azimuthal stacking at the azimuth perpendicular to the sedimentary boundaries is more sensitive to the responses of the top and internal boundaries of the glutenite,with stronger amplitudes. It more effectively reveals the contacts between glutenites of different periods,thereby facilitating the accurate identification of glutenite and fine prediction of favorable reservoir distribution. Wide-azimuth OVT-domain seismic data are proved effective in glutenite prediction,and have been successfully applied in predicting glutenite reservoirs in the steep slope zone of the northern Dongying sag,with the prediction results in good agreement with actual drilling results.

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    Genetic Mechanisms of Deep Ordovician Dolomite Reservoirs in Jizhong Depression
    XIANG Pengfei, JI Hancheng, WANG Xinwei, SHI Yanqing, HUANG Yun, SUN Yushu
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 659-670.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240604
    Abstract184)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (25597KB)(117)       Save

    The deep buried-hill interior reservoirs in the Jizhong depression are key successive zones for oil and gas exploration, and clarifying their genetic mechanisms is particularly important for effective exploration and development. Based on the data of drilling, logging, outcrops, cores, and thin sections, the deep Ordovician dolomite reservoirs were characterized, their controlling factors were analyzed, and the evolution models of high-quality reservoirs were established. The research results show that three sets of high-quality reservoirs are developed in the Ordovician of the Jizhong depression. These reservoirs which are primarily composed of crystalline dolomite and limy dolomite exhibit strong heterogeneity and poor porosity-permeability correlation. Four types of reservoir spaces including intercrystalline pores, dissolved pores, karst caves, and fractures are found in the reservoirs. Dolomitization, dissolution, and tectonic fracturing are identified as constructive diagenetic processes, whereas compaction, cementation, dedolomitization, pyritization, and silicification are classified as destructive diagenetic processes. Sedimentation controlled by periodic sea-level changes and dolomitization provided material basis for the reservoir formation. The diagenetic sequence determined the three stages of pore evolution. Tectonic activities played a dominant role in reservoir reformation. Ultimately, the deep buried-hill type and slope type high-quality dolomite reservoirs were formed after four evolutionary stages.

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    3D Seismic Imaging Technology and Its Application in GCD Work Area of Tarim Basin
    CHEN Keyang, ZHOU Hui, WANG Cheng, LIU Yang, LIU Jianying, WANG Yangyang, LIU Jishun
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 489-498.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240414
    Abstract165)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (30192KB)(115)       Save

    The GCD work area of the Tarim basin is covered by desert, where the acquired seismic data are superimposed with high-energy sand dune resonance noise due to the loose and thick dune structures, hampering the accurate imaging of the Ordovician marine reef-beach reservoir. Conventional imaging methods are disadvantageous due to low resolution, defocusing and other defects. On the basis of fidelity-based seismic processing, a three-step method for substantial attenuation of the sand dune resonance noise was incorporated. The 3D frequency space domain pre-stack random noise suppression technology was adopted to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of pre-stack preprocessing gathers. Furthermore, vertical seismic profile velocity, logging data, and interpreted horizons were combined to enable a multi-information-constrained grid tomography modeling and anisotropic reverse time migration. The results show that the sand dune resonance noise is effectively attenuated, and the SNR of pre-stack seismic data is significantly improved as compared to conventional denoising methods. The residual random seismic noise in pre-stack gathers is effectively suppressed, and the post-processing energy in velocity spectra of the gathers is more focused, facilitating precise velocity model establishment. Based on the high-density seismic imaging gathers, depth-domain model inversion where the inversion grid is gradually refined from coarse to fine was performed, and the established velocity model can accurately characterize the Ordovician marine reef-beach reservoirs. Anisotropic reverse time migration accurately relocated the complex wavefields of the Ordovician marine reef-beach reservoirs, enhancing resolution and focusing. The research results provide a support for optimizing the design of the sidetracking trajectory for Well G1 in the GCD work area, which was validated by actual drilling results. These techniques can provide a robust technical support for high-precision imaging and processing of seismic data in desert areas of the Tarim basin.

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    Application of Multi-Attribute Constrained Prestack Wide-Azimuth Fracture Prediction in Yingmai-2 Area
    ZENG Yongjian, GAO Hongliang, GUAN Baozhu, AI Mingbo, CAI Quan, LI Fei, WANG Zhangheng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 483-488.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240413
    Abstract173)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (10109KB)(111)       Save

    The Yingmai-2 area is situated on the Yingmai-2 structure in the southern part of the Yingmaili low bulge of the Tabei uplift, Tarim basin. Affected by tectonic movements and magmatic intrusion, a large number of directionally-aligned high-angle fractures were developed on the structure. The reservoirs are mainly fractured. Due to the deep burial depth and strong heterogeneity of the reservoirs in the Yingmai-2 area, predicting these fractured reservoirs using post-stack fracture prediction techniques like coherence, curvature, and ant-tracking proves challenging. Based on the pre-stack wide-azimuth offset vector tile (OVT) domain gather data from the Yingmai-2 area, well-controlled optimization processing of pre-stack OVT domain gather was implemented by employing techniques such as pre-stack denoising and anisotropy time difference correction to yield high-quality pre-stack wide-azimuth gather data. Subsequently, pre-stack facies-controlled fracture prediction was conducted under the constraints of post-stack multiple attributes that can represent fractured-vuggy reservoirs, including gradient structure tensor, amplitude curvature, and residual wave impedance. This methodology can effectively predict fractures in ultra-deep fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs, and offer valuable insights for the exploration and development of fractured reservoirs in the Tarim basin.

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    A Method of Anisotropic Velocity Modeling for HTI Medium in the Surface of Piedmont Gravel Zone
    KONG Fanyong, XIE An, XIA Jianjun, ZHANG Lulu, WANG Liye, WANG Wei, YU Jinlin, WEI Jianbo
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 604-610.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240513
    Abstract156)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (17953KB)(110)       Save

    There are widespread alluvial fans with extremely thick gravel deposits in the surface of the piedmont zones in western China. These fans exhibit strong azimuth anisotropy. The tomographic inversion velocity differs greatly from the vertical velocity, severely impacting the accuracy of static correction value of 3D seismic data and the imaging of shallow-to-medium layer in pre-stack depth migration. Based on the HTI medium theory, a method for determining the symmetry axis and constructing an anisotropic model through azimuthal tomography fitting using first-arrival forward modeling was proposed. First, based on anisotropy, the first-arrival time from both micro-logging forward modeling and actual data is examined and compared to identify the symmetry axis characteristics. Then, elliptical fitting is performed on the azimuthal first-arrival tomography inversion model to derive the initial fast and slow velocities and the symmetry axis orientation. Next, by using 2D VTI anisotropic forward modeling and tomography inversion, the correction coefficients of the velocity in the direction of the symmetry axis are obtained. Finally, an anisotropic velocity model is established for the piedmont gravel zone.

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    Factors Influencing Productivity of Edge Waterflood in Elongated Anticlinal Reservoirs
    XIE Qichao, TIAN Yafei, YUE Ping, SONG Peng, LIU Xinju, LIU Jian, LIU Wantao
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 560-566.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240507
    Abstract220)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (2616KB)(108)       Save

    The Y reservoir in the JY oilfield is a typical elongated anticlinal structure, where the injected water readily advances along channel centerline, resulting in rapid water-flooding and rapid production decline in producers. Development of such reservoirs is challenging due to unclear factors influencing productivity, such as water body size, structural amplitude, and reservoir physical property. To address these issues, a fine numerical model was established for the elongated anticlinal reservoir, and an “edge waterflood + progressive producer-injector conversion” process was proposed. On this basis, the influences of water body size, structural amplitude, and reservoir physical property on productivity were analyzed. The results indicate that the “edge waterflood + progressive producer-injector conversion” process enhances the edge water energy to allow for bidirectional responses of well patterns, and also delays water breakthrough in producers at the structural high to significantly reduce the water cut of oil well. Furthermore, considering the structural characteristics of the reservoir, the production performance under different factors were quantified, reasonable limits for the parameters such as water body size, structural amplitude, and the ratio of vertical permeability to horizontal permeability were defined, and the adaptability of reservoir area under different reservoir physical properties was demonstrated. The study results provide valuable insights for improving waterflood effects in similar reservoirs.

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    Identification and Productivity Prediction of High-Quality Reservoirs in the Metamorphic Buried Hills of the Bozhong 19-6 Structure
    TAN Zhongjian, GUO Kangliang, WU Liwei, ZHANG Guoqiang, LI Hongru, DENG Jinhui, BI Hongri
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 57-63.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250107
    Abstract142)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (3783KB)(105)       Save

    In the Bozhong 19-6 structure, fractures serve as the primary flow channels and storage spaces in the metamorphic buried-hill reservoirs, significantly controlling the formation of high-quality reservoirs and well productivity. To accurately identify high-quality reservoirs in the Bozhong 19-6 structure and predict their productivity, fractures were quantitatively characterized using thin sections, imaging logs, and other data. Based on the division of vertical structural units within the buried-hill reservoirs, high-quality reservoirs in the target intervals were identified using conventional mud log, wireline and imaging logging data. The reservoirs were finely evaluated by introducing fracture development index and comprehensive index methods and then a comprehensive method for identifying high-quality reservoirs was established. By substituting the effective thickness and fracture parameters of the high-quality reservoir into productivity evaluation equation, the gas layer productivity of the target intervals was calculated and compared with the test results. It is found that the relative error between the predicted productivity index per meter and the actual productivity values is less than 15%, which indicates a high feasibility of this comprehensive evaluation method in identifying high-quality reservoirs in metamorphic buried hills. This study offers a guidance for oil and gas development in the metamorphic buried hills in the Bozhong 19-6 structure.

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    Geological Characteristics and Development Technologies of Shale Gas Field in Anchang Area, Guizhou Province
    LIU Honglin, LU Dan, LIANG Feng, HE Xinbing, LI Gangquan, ZHAO Qun, BAI Wenhua
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 78-87.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250110
    Abstract120)   HTML1)    PDF(pc) (3888KB)(99)       Save

    The shale gas field in Anchang area in the northern part of Guizhou province is primarily producing from the shales in the Wufeng formation to Longmaxi formation. This gas field is characterized by a source-reservoir integrated system in stable distribution and self-generation and self-storage pattern, and it is classified as a shallow mountainous shale gas field under normal pressure. From top to bottom, the gas-bearing layers show an increasing content of siliceous minerals and a decreasing content of clay minerals. The shale reservoir space primarily consists of nanometer-scale organic pores, followed by residual intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores, secondary dissolution pores, and clay mineral interlamellar pores. The gas wells generally exhibit low flowback rates upon gas breakthrough, slow production decline, and long stable production period. Considering the geological and developmental characteristics of this type of gas reservoir, it is important to enhance detailed geological modeling and fracturing design optimization, as well as to moderately expand well spacing. Given the presence of faults and strong heterogeneity, integrated geological and engineering design should be strengthened, and the 3D reservoir geological model should be iteratively optimized to establish an accurate shale gas reservoir model. In view of the large differential horizontal stress ratios and the difficulty in forming complex fracture networks, fracturing stage length and cluster spacing should be optimized, and multi-cluster fracturing and fracture diversion techniques can be implemented. For low reservoir pressure, fast decline in wellhead pressure, and low gas production, the flowback management system in the gas testing stage should be further optimized.

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    Sedimentary Facies of Yangxia Formation Around Yakela Fault-Bulge in Tarim Basin
    YANG Yufang, XIAO Qiang, SU Rongkun, LIU Hongping, ZHANG Li, MENG Luying
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 650-658.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240603
    Abstract208)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (10719KB)(96)       Save

    The Jurassic strata in the areas around the Yakela fault-bulge in the northern Tarim basin are critical targets for hydrocarbon exploration, where a near-source alluvial fan-fan delta system with the fault-bulge as a provenance is developed. This cannot explain the extensive development of the sandbodies in Jurassic in the southern Yakela fault-bulge. Based on the analysis of the tectonic evolution of the Yakela fault-bulge, together with the seismic and core data and the reservoir characteristics, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the sedimentary facies to determine the spatial distribution patterns of the sedimentary facies in the Jurassic Yangxia formation around the Yakela fault-bulge. It is found that during the Jurassic deposition the Yakela fault-bulge as a whole was higher in the west than in the east, with erosion occurring in the west and a peneplain state in the east at the late stage of Yangxia formation deposition. The sedimentary system primarily comprises two parts: one sourced from the western Yakela fault-bulge, forming an apron-like distribution of the near-source fan delta deposits along the fault-bulge; the other sourced from the southern Tianshan Mountains, forming a braided river delta system extending from north to south in the eastern Yakela fault-bulge. From the perspective of reservoir characteristics, the fan delta system is characterized by coarse lithology, mainly including conglomerates and gravel-bearing medium-coarse sandstones, with low textural and compositional maturities and poor physical properties. In contrast, the braided river delta system predominantly consists of gravel-bearing medium-fine sandstones, and records a long transport distance, with high textural and compositional maturities and good physical properties. The Yangxia formation in the eastern Yangxia sag may be a potential favorable exploration target.

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    Producing Patterns and Improvement of Polymer Flooding Profile in Class ⅡB Reservoir, Daqing Oilfield
    ZHOU Congcong, CAO Ruibo, SUN Hongguo, FAN Yu, GUO Songlin, LIANG Guoliang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 567-573.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240508
    Abstract197)   HTML1)    PDF(pc) (611KB)(96)       Save

    The application of polymer flooding is expanding in Daqing oilfield, with the target transferring to poor-quality Class ⅡB reservoir. The existing polymers exhibit poor compatibility with the reservoir, the producing patterns of the profile remain unclear, and the effects of polymer flooding development vary greatly in different areas. To address these issues, through the analysis of field profile data statistics and laboratory experiments, the producing patterns and improvement methods for the profiles in Class ⅡB reservoir were investigated. In view of the producing status from water-injected layers, Lamadian area which is characterized by thick channel sandbodies and good reservoir properties exhibits the highest proportion of net pay producing, with the reservoir exploited frequently, multiple polymer breakthrough layers, and relatively high liquid absorption. The Sazhong and Sanan areas, with limited channel sandbodies and multiple thin sand layers with poor properties, show a low net pay producing proportion in the water flooding stage, after polymer flooding which is 12.5% and 15.4% higher than those in the water flooding stage, respectively. Additionally, the reservoirs with permeability ranging from 100 to 300 mD show a significant profile improvement. In view of the producing status of water-unswept layers, the strong vertical heterogeneity of Class ⅡB reservoir results in a high net pay unproducing proportion between layers. In this case, the profile should be improved by achieving balanced interlayer production. The alternating injection of salt-resistant polymer of high and low concentrations can delay the rise of water cut, enhance the liquid absorption in low-permeability layers, and significantly improve the recovery efficiency of polymer flooding. A pilot test on alternating injection of DS1200 salt-resistant polymer of high and low concentrations was conducted in A area of Beibei block in Lamadian, achieving satisfactory water-cut reduction and oil increment. This technology provides a guidance for improving the polymer flooding profiles of Class ⅡB reservoir in Daqing oilfield.

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    Establishment and Application of a New Mathematical Model of Oil/Water Relative Permeability: A Case Study of Low-Viscosity Reservoirs in Tuha Basin
    GE Qibing, LIU Qian, MA Jianhong, GAO Wenjun
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 725-734.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240612
    Abstract171)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (850KB)(92)       Save

    The low-viscosity reservoirs in the Tuha basin exhibit rapid decline of oil relatively permeability in the initial development stage and slower decline in the late development stage with high water-cut. This paper presents a new mathematical model of oil/water relative permeability. The new model simplifies the determination of parameters and offers a high fitting accuracy. It can describe the oil relative permeability curve and the convex water relative permeability curve, and also the common X-shaped oil/water two-phase relative permeability curve. For convenient application, the new model was configured with a corresponding water flooding analytical method, and then compared with the Gao’s simplified model of oil/water relative permeability. In this way, the linear relationship between the average water saturation of oil layer and the water saturation at the outlet end was further validated. By directly substituting this relationship into the fractional flow equation, a new generalized water cut variation pattern was derived. The actual application of this model shows good results, making it a valuable reference for similar reservoirs.

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    Sensitivity Analysis on Injection-Production Parameters for CO2 EOR and Storage in Low-Permeability Reservoirs Considering Storage Mechanism
    LI Yuanduo, DING Shuaiwei, ZHANG Meng, XU Chuan, FAN Wenyu, QU Chuanchao
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 711-718.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240610
    Abstract272)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (1795KB)(91)       Save

    In low-permeability reservoirs, CO2 flooding can enhance oil recovery and achieve CO2 geological storage. Based on the CO2 storage mechanisms, by using a numerical simulation method, a CO2 EOR and storage model considering CO2 structural storage, residual storage, and dissolution storage mechanisms was established. This model was used to analyze the sensitivity of injection-production parameters (e.g. water injection period, CO2 injection rate, injection-production ratio, lower limit of bottomhole flowing pressure in production wells, upper limit of bottomhole flowing pressure in injection wells, number of cycles, and gas-to-water slug ratio) on CO2 EOR and CO2 storage efficiency in low-permeability reservoirs under continuous gas injection and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection modes. The results demonstrate that CO2 storage mechanisms have significant impacts on both CO2 EOR and CO2 storage. Under the mode of continuous gas injection, CO2 residual storage aids CO2 EOR but has minimal effect on CO2 storage, while dissolution storage hinders CO2 EOR but benefits CO2 storage. Under the mode of WAG injection, the storage mechanisms are less favorable for CO2 EOR but promote CO2 storage. These findings reveal the influences of storage mechanisms on CO2 EOR and storage under different injection modes.

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    Characteristics of Maze Karst Cave System in Lianglitage Formation of Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin
    ZHANG Changjian, JIANG Lin, WANG Yan, ZENG Qingyong, MA Xuejian
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 522-532.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240503
    Abstract203)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (7293KB)(89)       Save

    To understand the styles and structures of the maze karst cave system in the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage formation in the Tahe oilfield, Tarim basin, the palaeohydrological and geomorphological restoration, karst framework construction, karst cave identification, and genetic model analysis were performed for Block 11 of the oilfield by using the methods such as paleolandform restoration, paleo-water system characterization, log-based stratigraphic correlation, structural fracture analysis, and seismic attribute characterization. The results show that during the Episode Ⅱ of the Middle Caledonian, the southern Tahe oilfield was higher in the northwest than in the southeast geomorphically, with developed NNW-SSE dendritic incised valleys. A subhorizontal maze karst cave system with closed conduit structures and high intensity of erosion are found in the Lianglitage formation, which is a typical maze karst cave system formed by epigenetic karst diffusion and infiltration and shares similarities in genesis with the Bullita karst cave system in the Judbarra region of Australia. The mudstone interval in the Upper Ordovician Qiaerbake formation serves as an aquiclude, which controls the lateral erosion of the karst cave system in the Lianglitage formation. The faults connecting surface water systems provide primary channels for karst water infiltration and erosion. As the regional base level drops, karst water infiltrates downwards along the fractures into the Middle Ordovician strata, forming fault-karst reservoirs in the Yijianfang formation. Understanding the “double-layer” maze epigenetic karst cave system of the Episode Ⅱof the Middle Caledonian in the Tahe oilfield is crucial for the development of Upper Ordovician reservoirs.

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    Classification of Sweet Spots in Shale Oil Reservoir of Lucaogou Formation in Jimsar Sag,Jurggar Basin
    QI Hongyan, WANG Zhenlin, ZHANG Yanning, LIN Jingqi, HU Xuan, SU Jing, XU Rui, CAO Zhifeng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 127-135.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250201
    Abstract151)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (3916KB)(88)       Save

    The shale oil reservoir of Permian Lucaogou formation in the Jimsar sag of the Junggar Basin can be divided into two sweet spots from top to bottom. These sweet spots vary significantly in productivity and remain unclear for controlling factors, making sweet spot prediction challenging. By using geological, petrophysical experiment, logging, and formation testing data, the enrichment mechanisms of shale oil were identified, the main factors controlling sweet spots in the shale oil reservoir were investigated, sweet spot index was constructed, and a classification standard for sweet spots was established. The research results show that the dominant reservoir rocks in the sweet spots in the study area are silty-fine sandstone and psammitic dolomite, with good pore structure, relatively abundant free oil, and moderate brittleness. The development, distribution, and effectiveness of micro-fractures in the shale oil reservoir are influenced by formation overpressure. The sweet spots in the shale oil reservoir are mainly controlled by free oil saturation, formation overpressure, and brittleness index. The sweet spot index is greater than 45 for Class Ⅰ sweet spots, 25-45 for Class Ⅱ sweet spots, and less than 25 for Class Ⅲ sweet spots. Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ sweet spots are considered as prime targets for horizontal wells, while Class Ⅲ sweet spots are reserved for future development.

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    Architecture Characterization of Sandy Braided River Reservoirs: A Case Study of Guantao Formation in Western Block 7 of Gudong Oilfield
    DU Juan, YIN Yanshu, WEN Bin, REN Li, WU Wei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 39-47.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250105
    Abstract169)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (1124KB)(87)       Save

    The sublayers from N1g45 to N1g16 of the Guantao formation in western Block 7 of the Gudong oilfield are typical of braided river deposits, with complex internal sandbody architectures. A detailed analysis of the reservoir architecture is necessary to understand its impact on oil and gas development. By using the Miall’s architectural element analysis method, and constrained by modern braided river scale, the sandbody architecture was characterized. Combining dynamic and static methods, the reservoir architectures were validated, and their influences on waterflood performance and residual oil distribution were identified. The research results show that the study area exhibits sandy braided river deposits, mainly with four sedimentary architecture units: braided river channels, mid-channel bars, overbanks, and floodplains. The braided flow zone is 150-750 m wide, with a width-to-thickness ratio ranging from 47 to 74. Within the braided flow zone, there are four types of architectural patterns: braided river channel-braided river channel, mid-channel bar-mid-channel bar, braided river channel-mid-channel bar-braided river channel, and mid-channel bar-braided river channel-mid-channel bar. The mid-channel bars have average length of 250-350 m and average width of 110-140 m, with a length-to-width ratio of 2.20-2.50. The ratio of mid-channel bar area to channel area ranges from 0.36 to 0.51. The mid-channel bars typically develop 2-4 fall-silt seams with their extension ranging from 70 to 150 m, which are nearly horizontal, with interlayer dip angles between 0.9° and 2.3°. Production performance reveals that due to poor petrophysical properties at the edges of architecture units, oil and gas flows are impeded at the architectural junctions where residual oil will be enriched locally. In contrast, the main parts of the architecture units show good reservoir connectivity and development effects.

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    Experimental Study on Oil Displacement Efficiency by Different Fluids in Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs
    CHEN Chao, YAN Xiaolong, LUO Xiaojing, ZHEN Yanming
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 105-113.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250113
    Abstract126)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (1769KB)(80)       Save

    In the middle-late stage of waterflood development in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs in the eastern margin of the Junggar Basin, the development performance deteriorates, and the water cut increases, necessitating new effective development techniques. Different fluids were selected for oil displacement efficiency experiments. Using long cores and under simulated formation conditions, oil displacement experiments were performed for waterflooding and gas flooding with N?, CH?, and CO? after waterflooding till achieving the current recovery efficiency of the reservoir. Nuclear magnetic resonance scanning and oil-containing pore size inversion were conducted on cores before and after injection of different fluids. The results show that CO? flooding can increase the recovery factor by 21.58%. The fluids rank as CO?, CH?, H?O, and N? in a descending order of oil displacement efficiency and producing degree. N? flooding primarily recovers oil from larger pores, with the lower limit of pore size being 170.9 nm. CH? flooding primarily mobilizes oil from medium to large pores, with the lower limit of pore size being 48.7 nm. CO? flooding can extract oil from pores of all sizes, with the lower limit of pore size being 27.8 nm, the lowest level among the processes tested. A CO? flooding pilot test zone was established in the oilfield. After CO? injection, the liquid production increased, the water cut decreased, and the oil production improved, suggesting good field application.

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    Effectiveness Evaluation of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs Based on NMR Logging
    MU Qian, LI Gaoren, ZHANG Wenjing, CHI Ruiqiang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 121-126.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250115
    Abstract150)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (786KB)(78)       Save

    In the Zhijing-Ansai area of the Ordos Basin, the reservoirs in the 8th and 9th members of the Upper Triassic Yanchang formation (Chang 8 and Chang 9 members) are tight, with complex pore structure and unclear vertical distribution of effective reservoirs. A method for evaluating the effectiveness of the tight sandstone reservoirs was proposed based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging data and mercury injection data of rock samples. For wells with NMR logging data, the proportions of macropores, mesopores, and micropores can be directly obtained from the NMR data, and an NMR logging-based three-pore component index can be constructed. For wells without NMR logging data, the pore throat radius index can be established by using the relationship between NMR transverse relaxation time and pore throat radius. Both the NMR logging-based three-pore component index and the pore throat radius index can quantitatively characterize the pore structure of tight sandstone reservoirs. Integrating with analysis of formation test data, it is found that single-well liquid production index per meter is positively correlated with pore structure. Thus, an effectiveness evaluation standard for tight sandstone reservoirs was established. The application of this standard to the Chang 8 and Chang 9 members in the Zhijing-Ansai area demonstrates excellent results, with significantly improved accuracy of well logging interpretation.

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    Establishment of Geological Model of Ancient Pockmarks in Fuman Oilfield, Tarim Basin
    LI Mohan, LI Xiangwen, DU Zhongyuan, ZHANG Yintao, JIN Meng, WANG Ziao
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (4): 442-450.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240408
    Abstract159)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (17755KB)(78)       Save

    For the pockmarks between major faults and in deep marginal-platform beaches in the Fuman oilfield, a seismic geological model was established based on the detailed interpretation of 3D seismic data and the analysis of the drilling and seismic data in the oilfield. This model enabled a simulated analysis of the variations in seismic response characteristics of the ancient pockmarks in the oilfield by altering the factors such as pockmark scale and fracture density. Consequently, seismic-based pockmark identification models were proposed, along with an understanding of the distribution, genesis and hydrocarbon potential of the pockmarks. The study results provides a foundation for the effective prediction of Ordovician ancient pockmark reservoirs in the Fuman oilfield, Tarim basin.

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    Occurrence State of Water in Ultra-Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs and Its Impact on Development of A Gas Field
    LIAO Hengjie, LOU Min, HE Xianke, DUAN Dongping, WANG Wenji, LI Yuansheng, LIU Binbin
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 88-96.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250111
    Abstract135)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (895KB)(76)       Save

    Ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs are complex in gas-water contact, and differ significantly in formation water occurrence state from conventional gas reservoirs. The occurrence state of formation water and the water saturation in such reservoirs were determined through mercury intrusion experiments and relative permeability tests, and the gas-water segregation was analyzed using the trap closure height method. Logging curves were used to predict the distribution of formation water saturation in different states for a single well, and the impact of formation water on productivity was assessed. The results show that the formation water in the study area mainly consists of strongly bound water and weakly bound water, with a small amount of movable water. No distinct gas-water segregation was observed. The clay water film is a key component of strongly bound water. In fine sandstone and the sandstone with high content of carbonate cements, the saturation of weakly bound water is higher. The movable water saturation in the study area is generally less than 6%, and the initial water production is low, exerting slight impact on productivity.

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    Mineral Features of Chlorite and Laumontite and Their Impacts on Reservoir Physical Properties: A Case Study of Lower Wuerhe Formation in Western Luliang Uplift, Junggar Basin
    NIU Jun, WANG Cong, LIANG Fei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 13-21.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250102
    Abstract165)   HTML16)    PDF(pc) (19298KB)(74)       Save

    In order to enhance the understanding of mineral features of chlorite and laumontite in the lower Wuerhe formation of Permian in the western Luliang uplift, Junggar Basin, the chemical composition, occurrence states, and impacts on reservoir physical properties were studied by means of thin section, electron probe and X-ray diffraction. It is found that the chlorite has an trioctahedral crystal structure and occurs in three states: pore lining, particle coating, and pore filling. It is classified as an iron-magnesium transitional type, richer in magnesium. Fe replacing Mg mainly occurs in the octahedrons, with the Al/(Al+Mg+Fe) ratio ranging from 0.25 to 0.37. The forming of chlorite is attributed to the alteration of argillaceous rocks and the transformation of mafic rocks, with substantial material input from the hydrolytic dissolution of tuffaceous volcanic materials and the interconversion of clay minerals. Laumontite occurs in three states: crystal aggregate, filling, and replacement. The laumontite in crystal aggregate state is surrounded by numerous debris, which promotes the formation of laumontite. The laumontite in filling state coexists with chlorite, calcite and other minerals, which compete with them for material sources, partially inhibiting the formation of laumontite. The laumontite in replacement state is mainly formed by the replacement of feldspar and debris, resulting in high Si/Al ratio and good acid resistance, which allow the laumontite to be not easily dissolved. Chlorite and laumontite have dual effects on reservoir physical properties. Chlorite can significantly improve reservoir physical properties, resulting in the formation of high-quality reservoirs. In contrast, the effect of laumontite on reservoir properties is limited. With the increase of burial depth, the lower Wuerhe formation presents a variation in diagenetic environment from alkaline to weakly acidic and then to alkaline, with a relatively closed diagenetic system.

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    Formation Heat Variation Pattern During Cyclic Steam Stimulation
    YAO Changjiang, JIA Xinfeng, SHANG Ce, LI Kehan, JIAO Binhai, GAO Fei, LIN Zhiqiang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 64-70.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250108
    Abstract137)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (639KB)(59)       Save

    Heating formation to reduce crude oil viscosity is one of the main mechanisms of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS). A dynamic heat transfer model considering both thermal convection and thermal conduction was established. Coupling temperature and pressure fields, this model was used to determine formation pressure, formation temperature, and fluid convection velocity, so that the dynamic variation of formation heat was analyzed. The research results show that, in the steam injection stage, given the same cyclic steam injection volume, higher heating rates and net heat are achieved when the injection duration is 6.0-10.0 days. In the soaking stage, when the pressure stops rising, thermal convection weakens rapidly, and formation heating rate significantly decreases, with an 88.3% drop in heating rate after 4.0 days of soaking, allowing for well production. In the production stage, thermal conduction becomes the dominant mechanism, and the formation heat increases slowly and steadily. After one cycle of CSS, 57.7% of the incremental heat is recovered with the produced fluid, while 42.3% remains in the formation. This study provides a deeper understanding of the formation heat variation during CSS, which supports the optimization of injection-production parameters and the analysis of steam heat flow.

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    New Insights into Eruption Model of Huoshiling Formation Volcanic Rocks in Chaganhua Subsag of Changling Fault Depression
    XU Fangzhe, ZHU Jianfeng, LIU Yuhu, LENG Qinglei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (5): 533-540.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240504
    Abstract160)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (7496KB)(59)       Save

    The exploration and development practice has suggested that the volcanic rocks of the Huoshiling formation in the Chaganhua subsag of the Changling fault depression are distinct in rock types and lithologic assemblages from typical volcanoclastic rocks. Core samples and thin sections from the Huoshiling formation volcanic rocks reveal unique structures such as volcanic ash balls and quench-fractured breccia, with generally poor reservoir physical properties. Typical hummocky envelopes of volcanic edifice cannot be identified. All these phenomena indicate a potential unique eruption environment in this area. By analyzing seismic reflection characteristics, core descriptions, thin section features, and laboratory test results, typical indicators of the eruption environments were identified. Combining lithologic assemblages from existing wells and the regional tectonic setting, a volcanic eruption and deposition model for this area was established. The study reveals that the volcanic rocks in this area experienced three periods of eruption in onshore, land-water and underwater environments, respectively. Underwater volcanic rocks exhibit low aspect ratio, and is often in wide and gentle shield shape, with poorly developed primary pores, but developed dissolution and devitrification pores. The overall reservoir space is dominated by medium to small pores. The onshore volcanic rock strata are selected as exploration targets due to developed pores and good rock physical properties.

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    Establishment of a New Production Decline Equation and Its Theoretical Basis: A Case Study of Unconventional Reservoirs in Tuha Oilfield
    JI Fei, SUN Xinxin, ZHANG Qi
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2024, 45 (6): 696-702.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20240608
    Abstract170)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (684KB)(58)       Save

    The Duong production decline model and modified Duong production decline model widely used for unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are disadvantageous in some aspects, such as incorrect definitions of characteristic parameters, inability to take zero as an independent variable, and lack of flow theoretical basis as a mathematical model. To address these problems, a new production decline equation was proposed by improving the mathematical model of relative permeability of oil phase in fractured reservoirs, and integrating the more applicable water phase relative permeability relational expression and the Welge equation. The new equation is similar in form to the modified Duong model, and can be transformed into the Arps production decline equation when the characteristic parameter A is zero, indicating that the new equation is a generalized production decline equation. The application of the new equation to the tight tuff oil reservoir of the Tiaohu formation in Block Ma56 of Tuha oilfield demonstrated a favorable effect, providing a valuable reference for similar unconventional reservoirs.

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    Fracture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Deep Shales Under Spontaneous Imbibition
    FANG Zheng, CHEN Mian, LI Ji, WEI Shiming, KAO Jiawei, MAO Yu
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 208-216.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250210
    Abstract79)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (1539KB)(56)       Save

    The mechanism of fracture propagation and changes in mechanical properties of deep shale reservoirs caused by the imbibition of fracturing fluid after hydraulic fracturing remain unclear. By CT scanning, continuous scratch testing, and overburden pressure porosity-permeability testing, as well as spontaneous imbibition experiments, the fracture propagation patterns, changes in rock mechanics, and variations in physical properties before and after imbibition were comprehensively evaluated. The results show that imbibition promotes the activation, propagation, and interconnection of shale beddings and pre-existing microcracks, forming a more complex fracture network to enhance reservoir porosity and permeability. The development of fracture and bedding plane reduce the overall strength and stability of rock, demonstrating a dual effect of improving fluid transport capacity while weakening mechanical performance. Under limited crack propagation conditions, the increase in porosity and permeability is modest. When a complex fracture network is developed, reservoir porosity and permeability significantly improve, and mechanical weakening becomes more pronounced. In the evaluation and stimulation design of unconventional reservoirs, it is essential to balance the fracture network induced by spontaneous imbibition to account for its impact on reservoir flow conditions and formation stability.

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    Laboratory Experiments and Field Tests of CO2 Near-Miscible Flooding for Medium-Viscosity Oil in NJH Block, Santanghu Oilfield
    ZHANG Qi, ZHU Yongxian, HAN Tianhui
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 114-120.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250114
    Abstract107)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (655KB)(55)       Save

    The NJH block of the Santanghu oilfield features sandstone reservoirs containing medium-viscosity oil, with crude oil viscosity of 20.8 mPa·s. The reservoir is at medium water cut stage, with a predicted waterflood recovery factor of 22.70%, leaving a limited potential for further enhanced oil recovery. To figure out an applicable enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique, laboratory experiments and field test were conducted on CO2 near-miscible flooding for medium-viscosity oil to understand the mass transfer patterns and EOR mechanisms of this technique, thereby determining its feasibility. The research results show that the front of the CO2 flooding mainly plays a swelling effect, and the rear exerts a stronger extraction effect than the front. Reducing the viscosity and improving the remaining oil displacement efficiency are the main stimulation mechanisms. The viscosity of surface crude oil reduced by 55%, the content of C2-C15 components increased by 18.3%, and the displacement efficiency improved by 4.6 times. Permeability ratio is found to be the primary factor influencing swept volume, with a permeability ratio of 6, leading to a recovery factor of only 13.84% in low-permeability layers. During the field test, the cumulative injected gas volume is 2.66×104 t, cumulative oil production is 0.78×104 t, and oil exchange ratio is 0.29, confirming a promising application of CO2 near-miscible flooding for medium-viscosity oil.

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    Fault/Fracture Characteristics and Production Strategies for Ultra-Deep Fractured Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs
    WANG Yanli, ZHU Songbai, WU Weimin, NIE Yanbo, LIN Na, ZHAO Ji, HUANG Rui
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 217-223.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250211
    Abstract92)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (1142KB)(53)       Save

    The Keshen gas field in the northern Kuqa depression of the Tarim Basin is a typical representative of ultra-deep fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs. The intensifying water invasion has significantly affected the steady gas field development in recent years. Taking the Cretaceous Bashijiqike formation in the Keshen X gas reservoir as an example, the fault/fracture characteristics of the reservoir were analyzed using the drilling fluid loss and imaging logging data, and their controls over production performance were identified. Depending on production behaviors of various gas wells and water invasion patterns in the reservoir, a production performance model of the reservoir under fault/fracture control was established, and corresponding production strategies were proposed. The results show that microfractures are well developed in the Keshen X gas reservoir, and the reservoirs can be divided into three types by fault/fracture presence: multi-fracture, single-fracture and micro-fracture. Two wells targeting multi-fracture reservoirs are deployed in the middle-upper part of the Keshen X gas reservoir, four wells targeting single-fracture reservoirs in the middle and edge parts of the gas reservoir, and one well targeting micro-fracture reservoirs in the upper part of the gas reservoir. Based on production behaviors, gas wells can be classified into highly water-flooded wells, long-term water production wells, and long-term stable production wells without water breakthrough, corresponding to single-fracture reservoir, multi-fracture reservoir, and micro-fracture reservoir, respectively. It is recommended to maintain a moderate productivity for wells targeting multi-fracture reservoir, inject gas to replenish energy in the initial stage of water invasion for wells targeting single-fracture reservoir, and keep a proper production pressure differential for wells targeting micro-fracture reservoir.

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    Seismic Prediction of Small- to Medium-Sized Fault-Controlled Fracture-Cave Bodies in Shunbei Area, Tarim Basin
    LI Hongyan, LIU Jun, GONG Wei, ZHANG Rong
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 240-245.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250214
    Abstract81)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (6759KB)(52)       Save

    The Shunbei area in Tarim Basin develops fault-controlled fracture-cave reservoirs, and good results have been achieved in exploration and development of the main fault zones. In addition to the main fault zones, there are numerous small- to medium-sized faults in the area, which are more abundant, widely distributed, and smaller in scale. Due to the target depth (>8 000 m) and scale, it is difficult for small- to medium-sized faults and their controlled fracture-cave bodies to get clear seismic responses, so to identify and describe them is hard. Based on seismic data interpretation, spectral extension and strong reflection separation techniques were applied to enhance the kinetic information in the seismic data, effectively highlighting the seismic reflection characteristics of the small- to medium-sized fault-controlled fracture-cave bodies. Sensitive attributes were selected depending on the characteristics of different types of reservoirs. The multi-scale coherence of curvelet is found to be sensitive to small- to medium-sized faults, and the attributes such as disorderliness and frequency-division energy can be used to effectively identify fault zones and fracture-cave bodies. Small- to medium-sized fault-controlled fracture-cave bodies were successfully predicted and described by integrating the attributes reflecting different information. This technique was applied in the Shunbei area, which effectively guided well deployment, facilitating the oil and gas development.

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    Characterization Method for Full-Size Pore Radius Distribution in Lianggaoshan Formation, Sichuan Basin
    ZHAO Ji’er, RAN Qi, XIE Bing, LAI Qiang, BAI Li, ZHU Xun
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 181-191.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250207
    Abstract94)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (3296KB)(49)       Save

    The shale reservoirs of Lower Jurassic Lianggaoshan formation in the Sichuan Basin are well-developed, with nanoscale pores. These reservoirs are characterized by low porosity, low permeability, diverse pore types, complex pore structures, and a wide range of pore radius distribution. Therefore, accurately evaluating pore structure of shale reservoirs is of great significance for reservoir evaluation and sweet spot prediction. Using the data from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas adsorption experiments, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, the pore structures of different lithofacies in the Lianggaoshan formation were characterized. The calculation models for pore radius distribution based on N2 and CO2 adsorption were defined,and the surface relaxation rate, a conversion parameter between pore radius and transverse relaxation time, was determined to enable the characterization of full-size pore radius across lithofacies. And the relationship between surface relaxation rate and mineral contents was investigated. The results show that the surface relaxation rate is inversely proportional to the contents of quartz, plagioclase, and calcite, and directly proportional to the contents of potassium feldspar, siderite, and clay minerals. Chlorite, pyrite, and siderite are paramagnetic materials; as the concentration of paramagnetic ions increases, the magnetic susceptibility of these minerals increases, thereby enhancing the surface relaxation rate.

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    Movable Fluid Differences in Permian Shan-1 Member Reservoirs in Northern and Southwestern Parts of Ordos Basin
    WANG Wenqing, PENG Lei, SHI Huaqiang, HOU Rui, GAO Hui, WANG Chen, LI Teng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 172-180.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250206
    Abstract90)   HTML1)    PDF(pc) (5850KB)(48)       Save

    Physical properties, petrological properties, and microscopic pore structure are key factors controlling movable fluids in tight sandstone reservoirs. To reveal the differences of the movable fluids in the reservoirs of the Shan-1 member in the Sulige gas field, northern Ordos Basin and in the Qingyang gas field, southwestern Ordos Basin, by employing multiple techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cast thin section analysis, high-pressure mercury intrusion, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the differences in microscopic pore structure of reservoirs were clarified, and then the differences of movable fluids from the Shan-1 member reservoirs in the two areas were identified. The results show that the pore structures in the two parts can be classified into three types based on pore-throat radius distribution and reservoir physical properties. Type I pore structures are relatively well-developed, with movable fluids present across a wide range of pore radii, and the movable fluid content significantly sensitive to the sorting coefficient. Type II pore structures exhibit uneven pore-throat distribution, with the movable fluid content notably affected by the median pore-throat radius. Type III pore structures have a smaller range of pore radius distribution, with movable fluids mainly concentrated in small pores, and the movable fluid content primarily influenced by clay mineral content. In the Sulige gas field, the Shan-1 member is dominated by Type II pore structures, with a movable fluid content of 24.11%, which is influenced by permeability, median pore-throat radius, and illite content. In the Qingyang gas field, the Shan-1 member is dominated by Type III pore structures, with the movable fluid content mainly influenced by porosity, permeabilty, and clay mineral content.

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    Water Invasion Characteristics and Stable Production Strategies in Kelasu Ultra-Deep Gas Field, Kuqa Depression
    LIU Liwei, ZHOU Hui, YAN Bingxu, JIAO Yuwei, QU Yuanji, JIN Jiangning, PAN Yangyong
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 71-77.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250109
    Abstract125)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (18385KB)(48)       Save

    The Kelasu ultra-deep gas field in the Kuqa depression of the Tarim Basin is challenged by severe water invasion, leading to rapid decline in production. Through analysis on surface seismic data and imaging logging data, the distribution patterns of faults and fractures were determined. Combining with the production performance of the gas field, three types of water invasion were identified in the Kelasu ultra-deep gas field: fault-communicated edge or bottom water, non-uniform water invasion along fractures, and occluded water invasion due to locally incomplete displacement. The former two types are dominant in the gas field. The three types differ significantly in characteristics and influence range. On one hand, the ability to communicate with edge or bottom water along the trend of second-order faults and vertically is strong, but water invasion perpendicular to the trend of faults has a minor, localized impact. On the other hand, fractures are oriented and distributed regularly, showing a feature of “zones generally and belts locally”. The differences in the internal connectivity of the gas reservoir, the order and the speed of water invasion in the gas reservoir are the external manifestations of the division and zonation of fractures, which have a global effect on water invasion in the gas reservoir. Considering the water invasion characteristics and development status of the gas field, strategies were proposed to optimize well pattern according to spatial distribution of fractures, and to strengthen researches on two supporting gas production technologies: chemical water plugging and gas injection to alleviate water lock.

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    Differences in Natural Fracture Development in Ultra-Deep Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case Study of YUEM Area in Tarim Basin
    LI Hui, NING Yaxin
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 144-153.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250203
    Abstract106)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (13373KB)(42)       Save

    The carbonate reservoirs in the YUEM area of Tarim Basin show differences in natural fracture development. Using the data of outcrop, core, thin section, logging, seismic, and production performance, the differences of natural fractures in development characteristics, formation periods, genesis, and spatial distribution were clarified through fracture parameter statistics, sensitivity analysis of seismic attributes, and numerical simulation of tectonic stress field. Three types of fractures, i.e. diagenetic fractures, tectonic fractures, and composite fractures, corresponding to three development periods are found in the study area. The development of these fractures is controlled by the coupling of tectonics, sedimentation, and karstification. Favorable fracture development zones are identified in oblique-overlap zones, intersections of major and secondary faults, fault tips, algal reef facies belts, and tops and bottoms of karst caves.

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    Identification and Distribution of Silurian Interlayers in YM 35 Well Block, Tarim Basin
    WANG Wei, DAI Mengying, CHEN Junkai, ZOU Yunlong, WU Qiong, JIANG Qiong, FENG Cheng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 154-162.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250204
    Abstract97)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (1061KB)(40)       Save

    The distribution patterns of interlayers in the YM 35 well block of the Tarim Basin are unclear, which poses challenges for subsequent oil and gas exploration and development. To identify the interlayer types in the study area and analyze their spatial distribution characteristics, by integrating the data of cores, conventional logging, laboratory analysis, and imaging logging, the primary interlayer types in the study area were clarified. By using the three-end-member classification method, charts for identifying interlayers were established for sublayers, and identification criteria were proposed. The distribution of interlayers was analyzed laterally and vertically, and the controls of interlayers on remaining oil distribution were investigated. The results show that the study area primarily develops argillaceous interlayers and physical interlayers. Laterally, argillaceous interlayers are mainly concentrated in the lower part of the target layer, with good continuity, while physical interlayers are mainly distributed in the middle-upper part, with smaller thickness but good continuity. On plane, interlayers are mainly concentrated in the central part of the study area, forming a distinct thickness aggregation zone. The interlayer becomes thinner toward its margin as its distance from the central area increases. Controlled by the spatial distribution of interlayers, remaining oil is mainly distributed in the K3 sublayer.

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    Impacts of Rock Mineral Composition and Structure of Conglomerate Reservoirs on Enhanced Oil Recovery of Polymer-Surfactant Binary Flooding
    ZHANG Chaoliang, LI Jun, YAN Xiaolong, LYU Jianrong, ZHANG Defu, DOU Ping
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 231-239.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250213
    Abstract69)   HTML1)    PDF(pc) (739KB)(37)       Save

    The complex mineral components of conglomerate reservoirs have active surface physical and chemical properties, making them liable to interact with polymers and surfactants. These interactions may result in loss and alteration of binary flooding formulations underground. By using core samples from different types of conglomerate reservoirs, the microscopic structure and mineral composition/content were investigated, specific surface area and Zeta potential were measured, and the adsorption charts of chemical agents on the cores were established. Through oil displacement experiments, the impacts of rock mineral composition and structure of conglomerate reservoirs on the recovery of polymer-surfactant binary flooding was validated. The results show that in conglomerate reservoirs, clay and zeolite minerals have large specific surface areas and high Zeta potentials, and their active physical and chemical properties affect oil displacement efficiency. The cores from Class I reservoirs with the best petrophysical properties exhibited the highest ultimate recovery factor, the cores from Class II reservoirs with the lowest content of active minerals achieved the highest chemical flooding efficiency, while the cores from Class III reservoirs showed the lowest oil displacement efficiency.

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    Causes Behind Low Recovery in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs
    DAI Jinyou, LEI Xizhen, SHI Yangyang, PAN Zhiyang, SHEN Xiaoshu, ZHANG Lijuan, ZHOU Xiaofeng
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 224-230.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250212
    Abstract95)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (1762KB)(36)       Save

    To identify the causes behind low recovery in tight sandstone gas reservoirs, taking the Shan 2 gas reservoir in the Zizhou gas field as an example, and based on the definition of recovery for gas reservoirs, a zonal reserves producing model and an analytical theoretical model for recovery were established. With the 2 models, the recovery of the gas reservoir was calculated, and the causes behind the low recovery in the tight sandstone gas reservoir were systematically analyzed. The results show that the low recovery in the Shan 2 gas reservoir is primarily attributed to the low vertical sweep coefficient, low plane sweep coefficient, and low gas displacement efficiency. The vertical sweep coefficient is mainly influenced by the vertical heterogeneity of the reservoir, the gas displacement efficiency is closely related to the abandonment pressure of the gas reservoir, while the plane sweep efficiency is primarily constrained by the horizontal heterogeneity of the reservoir and the controlling extent of well pattern. Rationalizing well pattern deployment and enhancing plane sweep coefficient are effective methods for increasing the recovery of tight sandstone gas reservoirs. However, even when the plane sweep coefficient is 100%, the ultimate recovery remains relatively low. Therefore, strengthening research on increasing vertical sweep coefficient and improving gas displacement efficiency is crucial for enhancing recovery in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

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    Occurrence Space and Mobility of Shale Oil in Fengcheng Formation, Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin
    YANG Wangwang, WANG Zhenlin, SU Jing, HU Xuan, HUANG Yuyue, LAI Jin, WANG Guiwen
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 192-200.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250208
    Abstract104)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (20255KB)(35)       Save

    To clarify the occurrence space and mobility of the shale oil in the Fengcheng formation of the Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, the data of rock thin section, SEM and NMR, and experiments such as total scanning fluorescence were used, together with 2D NMR logging data, to systematically characterize the microscopic pore structure and crude oil occurrence characteristics of the shale reservoir, and identify the factors controlling oil mobility. The storage space of the shale reservoir of the Fengcheng formation in the study area is mainly composed of intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores, dissolution pores, organic pores, and microfractures, with dissolution pores and fractures in dominance. The mobility of shale oil varies significantly in reservoirs with different lithofacies. The best mobility is found in the felsic shale rich in terrigenous clastic silt-sand bands, followed by the dolomitic shale with well-developed dolomitic laminae, and the worst mobility is found in the mixed shale rich in clay minerals. Organic matter abundance, depositional fabric, and pore structure are key factors controlling the mobility of shale oil in the Fengcheng formation. When total organic carbon (TOC) content of the shale in the study area ranges from 0.5% to 1.5%, the oil saturation index reaches its maximum range, indicating good mobility of the shale oil. In thin-bedded felsic shale and laminated dolomitic shale, pores (mainly residual intergranular pores and dissolution pores) and microfractures are developed, with a high proportion of large pores, which facilitates the formation of favorable occurrence space and flow channels for shale oil, promoting the enrichment of mobile oil.

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    A Method for Optimizing Depth Domain Velocity Inversion
    LI Jiwei, LI Guangpeng, DU Jiajun, FENG Rongchang, DUAN Xiaoxu
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (1): 97-104.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250112
    Abstract121)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (10898KB)(30)       Save

    Seismic data from piedmont areas typically suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), making it challenging to pick residual velocity fields and causing difficulties in iterative convergence of the depth domain velocity field to its optimal value. All these factors impede accurate migration and imaging of the seismic data from piedmont areas. By using the interpolation techniques in five-dimensional data regularization, the data from the original common midpoint (CMP) gathers prior to migration were reconstructed. By altering observation system, the bin attributes were enhanced to improve the SNR of the seismic data for iterative inversion of the pre-stack depth migration (PSDM) velocity field. To ensure the fidelity of the migrated data, the high-SNR CMP gathers obtained from data interpolation were used solely as inputs for the iterative inversion of the depth domain velocity field, while the original CMP gathers were preserved for the final PSDM imaging. This method enables fast and accurate iterative convergence of the depth domain velocity field. The actual application demonstrates that the method is highly feasible, and yields accurate final migrated velocity field through iterative updates and well-aligned reflections of migrated seismic profiles. This method provides a valuable reference for PSDM velocity modeling in the piedmont areas.

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    Identification and Analysis of Inter-Well Frac-Hit in the Tight Oil Reservoir of Jinlong 2 Well Block, Junggar Basin
    HUANG Houchuan, CAO Xiaolu, LI Ning, JIA Yufeng, WU Guolong, JU Shichang
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 201-207.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250209
    Abstract91)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (741KB)(26)       Save

    The tight oil reservoir in the Jinlong 2 well block in the Zhongguai bulge, western uplift of the Junggar Basin, is developed by horizontal well hydraulic fracturing. Frequent inter-well frac-hit caused by the large-scale well infilling and the presence of fault zones in the reservoir impedes production efficiency greatly. By investigating the applicability of monitoring and identification methods for inter-well frac-hit in multi-stage fractured horizontal wells, and combining field fracturing monitoring and production data from the Jinlong 2 well block, a comprehensive identification workflow for inter-well frac-hit was established. This workflow which integrates production performance, fracturing operation, and microseismic characteristics was used to identify and analyze inter-well frac-hit in the study area. The results show that severe inter-well frac-hit exists in the Jinlong 2 well block, not only within but also across individual horizons and fault blocks. The relatively small horizontal well spacing and developed fault system in the reservoir in the Jinlong 2 well block may induce inter-well frac-hit. It is recommended to avoid well infilling in large-scale fault zones and reduce fracturing scale for infill wells.

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    Water Production Characteristics and Water Control Practices in T3X2 Fractured and Watered Gas Reservoir in Xinchang Structural Belt, Sichuan Basin
    ZENG Hui, YI Ting, LI Xingwen, YUAN Yue, YANG Ai, XIANG Lei
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 246-252.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250215
    Abstract75)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (1183KB)(26)       Save

    The T3X2 gas reservoir in the Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin, suffers a lot of challenges such as widespread water production, complex water production characteristics, unclear water invasion patterns, and a lack of effective water control strategies, affecting the stable production. Based on geological data and production performance from the gas reservoir, and using the theories/techniques of gas reservoir engineering, orthogonal experiments and development practices, the water production characteristics of the gas reservoir were analyzed, typical water invasion patterns were clarified, and water control strategies for gas wells were proposed. The results show that the T3X2 gas reservoir has 5 types of water production which can be identified by plotting charts. The water invasion patterns are classified into: rapid water channeling along fractures and slow water advancing. The degree of fracture development and the scale of fracturing treatments are the key factors influencing water invasion pattern. For the pattern of rapid water channeling along fractures, controlling pressure difference and balancing water drainage are critical, while for the pattern of slow water advancing, rationalizing production system and localized water blocking are recommended.

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    Characteristics of Deep Geothermal Field in Shuntuoguole Area of Tarim Basin
    LIAO Keyan, QIU Nansheng, CHANG Jian, LI Dan, LI Huili, MA Anlai, LI Jingying
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 163-171.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250205
    Abstract82)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (2818KB)(24)       Save

    The Tarim Basin is characterized by low surface heat flow and significant variation in formation temperature. To clarify the characteristics and controlling factors of deep geothermal field in the Shuntuoguole area of central Tarim Basin, by using the systematic steady-state temperature measurement data from 33 wells in the Shuntuoguole and surrounding areas, the geothermal gradients and deep temperature distribution characteristics were investigated. On this basis, the geothermal properties of sedimentary rocks and their impacts on heat flow and temperature were analyzed. Coupling with geophysical data, a layering model for the earth’s crust was constructed, and the heat flow density of the crust was calculated. The research results show that in the Shunnan, Shuntuo, and Shunbei areas, the average geothermal gradients at a depth ranging from 0 to 5 km are 22.5°C/km, 20.0°C/km, and 18.6°C/km, respectively, and the average formation temperatures at the depth of 8 km in the 3 areas are approximately 200°C, 175°C, and 135°C, respectively, indicating significant differences in the geothermal fields. The differences in the crustal structure account for variations in the crustal heat flow, and the crustal structure is the primary controlling factor for the geothermal field differences in the study area. The geothermal properties of sedimentary rocks have a negligible impact on the geothermal field. The rapid sedimentation in the Shunbei area since the Pliocene and the deep hydrothermal activity in the Shunnan area have no influence on the present-day geothermal field.

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    Prediction of Structural Fractures in Deng 4 Member Reservoirs in the Shehong-Yanting Block, Penglai Gas Field, Sichuan Basin
    LI Gao, SHANGGUAN Ziran, YANG Xu, LI Hongtao, LI Ze, WANG Qiutong
    Xinjiang Petroleum Geology    2025, 46 (2): 136-143.   DOI: 10.7657/XJPG20250202
    Abstract102)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (11883KB)(23)       Save

    In order to determine the distribution of the fractures in the fourth member of the Dengying formation (Deng 4 member) in the Shehong-Yanting block of the Penglai gas field, Sichuan Basin, a statistical analysis was conducted on the structural fracture parameters. Based on rock rupture criteria, occurrence evolution conditions, and present-day stress field characteristics, a quantitative prediction of fractures in the ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs of the Deng 4 member were performed through tectonic stress field inversion. The results show that structural shear fractures are well developed in the Deng 4 member, oblique fractures are concentrated in the southeastern structural highs, while high-angle and vertical fractures are mostly distributed near faults. The fracture strikes are predominantly NW-SE, NE-SW and NNW-SSE. The linear density of fracture is generally low in the southeast and high in the northwest, while the fracture aperture shows an opposite distribution pattern. The fracture porosity reflects a relatively small variation. Fracture parameters exhibit different distribution characteristics within fault zones, near faults, and in non-fault areas, with the predicted results being largely consistent with the measured data. The fracture dip, aperture, and porosity significantly influence gas well productivity.

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